Arvin Ash

Get MagellanTV here: https://try.magellantv.com/arvinash and get an exclusive offer for our viewers: an extended, month-long trial, FREE. MagellanTV has the largest and best collection of Science content anywhere, including Space, Physics, Technology, Nature, Mind and Body, and a growing collection of 4K. This new streaming service has 3000 great documentaries. Check out our personal recommendation and MagellanTV’s exclusive playlists: https://www.magellantv.com/genres/science-and-tech Become a Patron: https://www.patreon.com/bePatron?u=17543985 What is this mysterious quantum tunneling effect, where does it come from? And why is it one of the most important phenomena in physics? Quantum mechanics shows that quantum objects have a wave-particle duality. What we think of as an electron particle actually behaves like a wave, a probability wave. This means that its position is not a precise location in space. It is defined by a wave function that can only tell us the probability of finding it a particular location when measured. The wave function of a particle exists in all of space, in the entire universe up to infinity. So there is always a non-zero probability of finding the electron anywhere, including outside a barrier. We can attribute this behavior to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. It states that the uncertainty in a particle’s position times the uncertainty in its momentum has to be greater than a finite number. Practically this means we cannot know with 100% certainty what the position of that electron is. And the wave function of the electron, which gives us the probability of finding it at any location can be found using the Schrodinger equation. This equation was developed by Erwin Schrödinger in 1926, and it is the equation that describes the wave nature of matter. The Greek letter psi in the equation is the wave function. The wave function depends on both time and position. It can be both positive or negative, but the square is

Try Blinkist free for 7 days: https://www.blinkist.com/arvinash Physicists know how to use the equations of quantum mechanics to predict things, but don't really understand what is fundamentally going on. The primary challenge is that according to the equations of QM, all particles exist in a state of superposition. In fact, before it is measured, the particle is said to be in many states at once. How does one explain the transition from the behavior of objects at quantum scales to their classical behavior upon measurement? The various interpretations of quantum mechanics are attempts to explain this transition. The standard is the Copenhagen interpretation because if was devised in Copenhagen, Denmark by Niels Bohr and Werner Heisenberg. This is taught to most students in college. But even a majority of physicists do not agree that this is the correct interpretation. There is no single interpretation that has a consensus agreement. Most interpretations focus on the Schrodinger equation and the wavefunction to explain quantum behavior. This equation was developed by Irish-Austrian physicist Erwin Schrodinger in 1926. It contains a wave function, represented by the Greek letter psi. German physicist Max Born formulated the interpretation of psi, which is that the square of the norm of psi is the probability of finding a particle in any one particular state if we were to measure it. The concept of measurement was introduced to explain what we actually see when we make an observation. The fact is that even if it were possible for us to directly observe quantum particles, we would never see them being in superposition, we would only observe them being in one state or another. Let’s look at this in terms of the famous Schrodinger’s cat experiment. We have a box with 4 things in it, cat, a radioactive source, a detector with hammer attached and a vial of poison gas. If the detector detects radiation, the hammer will smash the vial of

Get MagellanTV here: https://try.magellantv.com/arvinash and get an exclusive offer for our viewers: an extended, month-long trial, FREE. MagellanTV has the largest and best collection of Science content anywhere, including Space, Physics, Technology, Nature, Mind and Body, and a growing collection of 4K. This new streaming service has 3000 great documentaries. Check out our personal recommendation and MagellanTV’s exclusive playlists: https://www.magellantv.com/genres/science-and-tech In the Copenhagen interpretation, which is what is typically taught to undergraduate students, particles are in superposition. What is superposition? In quantum mechanics, there is no equation that states exactly what some properties of a particle are. They are expressed in a wave function which is part of the Schrodinger equation. This describes the shape of what looks like a wave. But this wave-particle duality doesn’t fit with our observations. So Bohr and Heisenberg interpreted the mathematics to mean that particles really are waves until they are measured. This state of multiple properties at once is called superposition. In this interpretation, the wave is not a physical wave, but a mathematical way to figure out the probability of finding a particle in a certain state. This is in contrast to DeBroglie-Bohm or pilot wave theory, named after Louis de Broglie and David Bohm, also known as Bohmian mechanics. This theory describes the wave function as real physical waves that push real particles around. They are just being guided by the wave function which evolves according to the Schrodinger equation. This theory is completely deterministic. The wave provides a set of potential trajectories, but the particle takes only one trajectory. No measurement problem and no collapse occurs because there is no superposition. How the wave guides the particle is described by a new equation that is introduced to accompany the standard Schrödinger equation - the Guiding Equati

Get MagellanTV here: https://try.magellantv.com/arvinash and get an exclusive offer for our viewers: an extended, month-long trial, FREE. MagellanTV has the largest and best collection of Science content anywhere, including Space, Physics, Technology, Nature, Mind and Body, and a growing collection of 4K. This new streaming service has 3000 great documentaries. Check out our personal recommendation and MagellanTV’s exclusive playlists: https://www.magellantv.com/genres/science-and-tech 0:00 - What is a TOE? 2:01 - Why is the sky blue, why, why? 5:17 - Chart of unifications 8:20 - Beyond the TOE Is a theory of everything really possible? What makes us think it even exists? If we look at historical precedent, we can see that we have united seemingly completely unrelated forces and particles to a more basic set of principles. For example, celestial gravity and terrestrial gravity was united by Isaac Newton. Electricity and Magnetism were united by James Clerk Maxwell. All atoms are now known to be made of the same quarks and electrons. If a child asks you “why is the sky blue?” – The answer you might give him is because blue light scatters more in the air than other colors, and you see the more scattered color. What if he kept asking why? “Why does blue light scatter more?” and why? again and again. Eventually, you would not have an answer. A theory of everything would allow us to answer all why questions. What would a theory of everything look like? At a minimum, it should provide a theoretical basis for at least two things – a fundamental building block or particle and a fundamental force. At one time atoms were thought to be the fundamental building block, then later discoveries showed that the other particles of the standard model are fundamental. Likewise, we don’t currently have one fundamental force. Traditionally, we talk about 4. The Strong force, electromagnetism, the weak force, and gravity. Can the forces be unified? it is possible if

Get MagellanTV here: https://try.magellantv.com/arvinash and get an exclusive offer for our viewers: an extended, month-long trial, FREE. MagellanTV has the largest and best collection of Science content anywhere, including Space, Physics, Technology, Nature, Mind and Body, and a growing collection of 4K. This new streaming service has 3000 great documentaries. Check out our personal recommendation and MagellanTV’s exclusive playlists: https://www.magellantv.com/genres/science-and-tech Link to book on Amazon: http://t.ly/sMJW QHT Paper: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2008.09356.pdf Non-technical Explanation: https://jespergrimstrup.org/research/quantum-holonomy-theory/ 0:00 - Does reductionism end? 2:24 - Why there probably is a final theory 7:00 - Quantum Holonomy theory 12:53 - Surprising implications of QHT Does a final theory exist that can end our reductionist probing into ever shorter distances? Or is there no end to reductionism? There should be an end point because as the object of our measurement gets small enough, the high energies needed to measure it will create a black hole. And no information can get out of a black hole. So there is a limit to measurable reality. We have united seemingly dissimilar forces in the past. For example, the unification of electricity and magnetism, and weak and electromagnetic forces. To continue this reductionism, we want a theory that unifies all known forces. Today we have two overarching theories for forces: Einstein’s Theory of General relativity for gravity, and The standard model for the electromagnetic, weak and strong force. The problem is that the standard model is a quantum field theory, but general relativity is a classical field theory. The two are not compatible. Past attempts for a theory of everything include string theory and loop quantum gravity. But string theory does not produce any falsifiable results. Its mathematics is too flexible. Loop quantum gravity only addresses gravity and not the

Go to: https://brilliant.org/ArvinAsh -- you can sign up for free! And the first 200 people will get 20% off their annual membership. 0:00 - Mote of dust 1:49 - How did life begin? 5:01 - How humans evolved 7:22 - Multiverse? 8:29 - Are we alone in the universe? 10:47 - What makes humans unique? 11:24 - What is the purpose of life? The Milky way galaxy is composed of up to 400 billion stars, and at least that many planets. Our star, the sun is one of those billions, about a third to halfway out from the galactic center. And we humans are but one of at least 9 million different forms of life on earth. What does this mean for us? Are humans of any significance, or are we just a burden on our ecosystem? How did human get here? How did life start? How did earth get here? Does the universe have a purpose? Do humans have a purpose? At first blush it would seem that we are indeed a speck of dust, of no particular cosmic significance. But let’s step back and look at how we got here. Consider the improbability of not only finding ourselves in this universe, but the formation of such a universe that would have us in the first place. The universe was born 13.8 billion years ago in a massive expansion - the big bang. It could have expanded too fast such that no structures formed. It could have expanded too slow, such that it re-collapsed into a singularity. But it expanded at just the right rate. 200 million years after the big bang the first stars formed. These were fast burning stars that burned out and exploded in supernovae explosions. They seeded the universe with heavier elements such as carbon, nitrogen, oxygen which had formed in their cores. Our own sun probably formed from such a nebula. The heavier elements that were not consumed by the =the sun, became the leftover debris that formed the planets including earth. Earth was at such a distance from its star that temperatures allowed water to exist in liquid form on its surface, makin

Get your SPECIAL OFFER for MagellanTV here: https://try.magellantv.com/arvinash - It's an exclusive offer for our viewers! Start your free trial today. MagellanTV is a new kind of streaming service run by filmmakers with 3,000+ documentaries! Check out our personal recommendation and MagellanTV’s exclusive playlists: https://www.magellantv.com/genres/science-and-tech Why does the universe have an upper speed limit on the speed of light? Why isn’t the top limit infinite? Or what if the speed of light was not constant but changed in different reference frames? The speed of light is dependent on two fundamental properties of space, the vacuum permittivity and permeability. These are measured constants with no theory to explain them. These constants represent the resistance of space to the propagation of electromagnetic waves. Since space exhibits a resistance to EM wave propagation, this sets a finite limit to the speed of light. If this resistance was much lower or nonexistent, then the speed of light would be much faster, or perhaps infinite. The physical significance of the speed of light is that it's the upper limit of how fast information can flow. It is linked to causality and locality. If you are separated by some distance from an object. You cannot know anything about that object instantly. If information could flow instantaneously from one part of the universe to another, it would mean that an event happening at any point in the universe could affect every other point. If there were a million hypernovae at any instant in space, this could kill us instantly because we would experience them simultaneously here on earth. There would be no locality, which is the idea that objects in the universe are directly influenced only by their immediate surroundings. Einstein’s Special relativity guarantees that there is no such thing as simultaneity. How would this break causality? Consider two events. If one observer determines that A caused B, a fi

Get your SPECIAL OFFER for MagellanTV here: https://try.magellantv.com/arvinash - It's an exclusive offer for our viewers! Start your free trial today. MagellanTV is a new kind of streaming service run by filmmakers with 3,000+ documentaries! Check out our personal recommendation and MagellanTV’s exclusive playlists: https://www.magellantv.com/genres/science-and-tech Link to Philip Ball's new book: "How to grow a human": http://t.ly/Qm4d How low in complexity can you go and still have free will. Does a bacteria have free will? Do single cells have it? What do we know about agency in living systems? I collaborated with physicist and author Philip Ball, a former editor at the prestigious journal Nature. who has written extensively on this and other subjects. What’s the difference between a living thing and one that’s not alive? Scientists don't agree. But we can say living organisms do things to suit themselves. They rearrange their surroundings for their own purposes. Even single living cells act with agendas. Macrophages in your immune system chase a bacterium across the slide, switching course as its prey tries to escape, before finally gobbling it up. But is this an anthropomorphic way of describing a biological process. Single cells don’t have minds of their own – so can they really have goals? Biologists often insist that cells and bacteria aren’t trying to do anything. it all comes down to genes, chemistry and physics – no aim or design, but which fool our narrative-obsessed minds. This is "agency" - the ability of living things to alter their environment (and themselves) with purpose, and an agenda. It might help us to understand what “free will” means. Agency supplies what genetic hard-wiring cannot. It’s not feasible to program complex living organisms for every situation they might encounter. For example, the hare is trying to escape from a wolf by being unpredictable. An organism that reacts differently in identical situations sta

Thanks to Audible for sponsoring this video! Visit http://audible.com/arvinash , or TEXT "ArvinAsh" to 500-500 to start your FREE 30 day trial. Please Support this channel by downloading the free app at the link above. Maglev video on Lesics channel: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XjwF-STGtfE 0:00 Onnes discovers "magic" 2:51 Meissner effect 4:05 What causes resistance 6:09 BCS Theory 8:11 Cooper pairs 9:11 Bose-Einstein condensate 11:28 First room temp superconductor 11:53 Maglev trains 12:25 Audible special offer In 1908, Dutch physicist Heike Onnes figured out how to turn helium gas to liquified helium for the first time. He cooled Mercury and found that all its electrical resistance went away. Electricity in a superconducting wire will continue to flow virtually forever with no added energy. Superconductors also expel magnetic fields. So if you put a magnet over a superconductor, the magnet will levitate. How is this possible? Quantum mechanics can explain. In 1933 by Walther Meissner and Robert Ochsenfeld found that when a metal is cooled while in a small magnetic field, the flux is spontaneously excluded as the metal becomes superconducting. This is known now as the Meissner effect. Superconducting materials expel magnetic flux fields. Since magnetic fields cannot pass through it, a magnet over a superconductor magnet lifts up in order for the flux to flow to the opposite pole. This is what causes levitation. In 1957 John Bardeen, Leon Cooper and John Robert Schrieffer proposed what is now called the BCS theory. We need to first understand what causes resistance in the first place. Inside of a metal, the outermost electrons in the valence shell, being furthest away from the nucleus are so free to move around that a sample of metal can be treated as a bunch of atoms surrounded by a sea of electrons. But as electrons travel through the material, the atoms, which now have slightly positive charges because they have given up an electron

Get World Class VPN service for less than $3/month: https://www.privateinternetaccess.com/arvinash - Save 77%! 30-day money back guarantee! If you use your computer on any public Wifi, or don't want to be censored from websites because of your geographic location, then this is a must. This is part 2 of a video I made 2 years ago: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KXf38mC3puE -- Many of you asked for a follow up. Take a trip to 5 beautiful countries to live in! I looked at 38 countries, and analyzed them based on the following criteria: total cost, healthcare, entertainment, safety, and the ease of getting a visa. Max budget $1750/month. Which countries of the world are affordable, enjoyable, safe, and have good health care, and are friendly for expats? I break down the pros and cons of living in the best countries on an income UNDER $2000 per month — and I even provide realistic budgets. 0:00 - Ranking Criteria 1:31 - IT 6:23 - PA 9:46 - PT 12:15 - RO 15:41 - ES I made a prior video looking at the cheapest countries to retire in for $1000/month. A lot of you asked for a follow up looking at higher budget, and "better" countries. So I looked at 38 countries that repeatedly show up on many lists of the best countries to live and retire in. IT Surrounded on three sides by the Mediterranean sea lends it a mild climate year-round. Milan, Rome, Florence, and Naples are some of the best cities. Even the smallest towns have cafes. Coffee is around $1 a cup, pasta dishes are about $10. Beer and wine start at around $5 a glass Italy’s crime rate is only one-fifth of America’s. The national health service in Italy, Servizio Sanitario Nazionale (SSN), provides residents — including expats — with free or low-cost healthcare. Private health insurance is around $100 a month. Italy's visa requirements for non-EU citizens are strict. You may be required to prove you have a certain level of income or savings to be given a residence visa. check this with an

Get your SPECIAL OFFER for MagellanTV here: https://try.magellantv.com/arvinash - It's an exclusive offer for our viewers! Start your free trial today. MagellanTV is a new kind of streaming service run by filmmakers with 3,000+ documentaries! Check out our personal recommendation and MagellanTV’s exclusive playlists: https://www.magellantv.com/genres/science-and-tech Why does the sun shine? Why doesn't it burn out? How long will its fuel last? To a scientist living in the 18th century, he might have compared it to a log in a fireplace. When wood burns it releases about 1 ten-millionth of a trillionth of a watt per atom. 0:00 Sun's energy 5:00 How fusion happens 7:19 Quantum tunneling 8:25 Fusion chart 9:51 Where energy comes from 12:39 Why Helium is more stable 15:14 Future of sun The mass of the sun was well understood, and translates to about 10^57 atoms. This leads to a lifetime of the sun of about 20,000 years. But we know the sun is at least 4.5 billion years old. So where does the sun's energy come from? from: E=MC^2, which tells us that energy and mass are equivalent. If the sun could convert all its mass 2 x 10^30 kg to energy, it would burn for 15 trillion years! But the sun doesn’t convert all its energy to mass. It converts only about 0.7 percent of its mass to energy in a process called fusion. This is when 4 hydrogen atoms fuse to form one helium atom. And using this process, the sun will last approximately, 10 billion years. It is already middle aged. So how does fusion work? You would think that since the protons that make up the nuclei of the 4 hydrogen atoms are positively charged, they would repel each other. This is true, due to the coulomb force. This is what keeps atoms from spontaneously fusing. The protons have to overcome an energy barrier. Once they get over this barrier, and get very close to each other, the strong nuclear force takes over and glues them together. The strong nuclear force is about 100 times stron

Go to: https://brilliant.org/arvinash -- you can sign up for free! And the first 200 people will get 20% off their annual membership. Enjoy! Two new recently published, peer-reviewed scientific papers show that real warp drive designs based on real physics may be possible. They are realistic and physical, which had not been the case in the past. In a paper published in 1994, Mexican physicist Miguel Alcubierre showed theoretically that an FTL warp drive could work within the laws of physics. But it would require huge amounts of negative mass or energy. Such a thing is not known to exist. 0:00 Problem with C 2:21 General Relativity 3:15 Alcubierre warp 4:40 Bobrick & Martire solution 7:15 Types of warp drives 8:42 Spherical Warp drive 11:32 FTL using Positive Energy 13:14 Next steps 14:08 Further education Brilliant In a recent paper published by Applied Physics, authors Alexey Bobrick and Gianni Martire, outline how a physically feasible warp drive could in principle, work, without the need for negative energy. I spoke to them. They had technical input on this video. What Alcubierre did in his paper is figure out a shape that he believed spacetime needed to have in order for a ship to travel faster than light. Then he solved Einstein's equation for general relativity to determine the matter and energy he would need to generate the desired curvature. It could only work with negative energy. This is mathematically consistent, but meaningless because negative mass is not known to exist. Negative mass is not the same as anti-matter. Antimatter has positive energy and mass. Even if you could create the Alcubierre curvature, you still need to accelerate the ship to speed of light and beyond. But to go beyond C, you have to have superluminal matter, or infinite energy. This is not possible. What Bobrick and Martire figured out is that there is more than one type of warp drive. We can get to Proxima Centauri in 10 months without going faster than

Signup for your FREE trial to The Great Courses Plus here: http://ow.ly/Ri5Z30rFSmc Online Blackboard video: https://youtu.be/C0HSl7iuQB4 The holy grail of physics research is a theory of everything. But we already have a pretty good model for such a theory. It is the Standard model of particle physics. It describes all fundamental particles that we are aware of, and three of the 4 known fundamental forces, electromagnetism, strong, and weak interactions. It just doesn’t include gravity. The simple equation and chart actually represents very complex mathematical equations that can take years of graduate level study to fully understand. It was developed by hundreds of scientists over several decades. In this video, I explain the math intuitively. 0:00 - The best known theory 2:00 - The Standard Model explained 4:05 - What is a Lagrangian 5:01 - How forces interact 6:52 - How matter interacts with forces 9:32 - Higgs-boson interactions 11:25 - Higgs-matter interactions 13:23 - Summary Ordinary matter that we experience around us is really just made of 4 particles, the up and down quarks which make up the protons and neutrons in the nuclei of atoms, electrons which form a cloud around the nucleus, and a near massless particle - the electron neutrino which is created during the fusion process in stars like the sun. The other particles are rare and don’t typically exist in ordinary matter. The difference between quarks and leptons is that quarks interact with the strong nuclear force which binds the nuclei of atoms together, whereas leptons do not. The Bosons are the force carriers. The gluons carry the strong force which binds the nuclei of atoms. The W plus, W minus and Z boson carry the weak force which is responsible for some kinds of radiation. And the photons carry the electromagnetic force responsible for all electricity, magnetism and chemistry. Lastly, we have the Higgs boson which is important for giving mass to all fundamental particles

Get your SPECIAL OFFER for MagellanTV here: https://try.magellantv.com/arvinash - It's an exclusive offer for our viewers! Start your free trial today. MagellanTV is a new kind of streaming service run by filmmakers with 3,000+ documentaries! Check out our personal recommendation and MagellanTV’s exclusive playlists: https://www.magellantv.com/genres/science-and-tech Citations: Strassman study on Mystical experiences with DMT: http://t.ly/qIgn Yaw paper on sudden cardiac arrest: http://t.ly/lFVT Lindholm paper on hypoxia: http://t.ly/FTHi Article on personal NDE experience: http://t.ly/8Zar Owen article on communicating with people in coma: http://t.ly/RMRp Borjigin paper on life flashing before your eyes: http://t.ly/ZeE9 Paper on OBE with images placed on ceiling: http://t.ly/ttJk 0:00 Claire Wineland 3:11 NDEs & drugs 5:50 Dying brain processes 7:17 Sudden death experience 7:50 Slow death experience 9:56 Life flashing before your eyes 11:23 Conclusion 12:03 What if? Most people have thought about: How does it feel to die? What is death like? In this video, I examine what science says about this. Some commonalities in what people experience are: positive emotions, meeting deceased persons, euphoria, out-of-body experiences. Why should the collective experiences of so many people be so similar? Are people’s consciousness really leaving their bodies as they are dying, or is all this a hallucination in the brain? Most people who have experienced this don't think it is an hallucination. To test the idea of people leaving their bodies and floating above it, researchers placed images on high shelves which were not visible unless you were on a ladder close to the ceiling. They then interviewed cardiac arrest survivors who had been revived in those rooms, but no one reported seeing the images. One clue about what might be happening, is that these out of body experiences sound similar to what people describe while taking psychedelic drugs lik

Get your SPECIAL OFFER for MagellanTV here: https://try.magellantv.com/arvinash - It's an exclusive offer for our viewers! Start your free trial today. MagellanTV is a new kind of streaming service run by filmmakers with 3,000+ documentaries! Check out our personal recommendation and MagellanTV’s exclusive playlists: https://www.magellantv.com/genres/science-and-tech Arguments for fine tuning: Physics has many constants like the charge of the electron, the gravitational constant, Planck’s constant. If any of their values were different, our universe, as we know it, would not be the same, and life would probably not exist. 0:00 - Defining fine tuning 2:20 - Gravitational constant 3:59 - Electromagnetic Force 5:02 - Strong force 6:13 - Weak force 7:51 - Philosophical Arguments against fine tuning 9:36 - Scientific arguments against fine tuning 11:59 - Sentient puddle 13:29 - Does fine tuning need an agent 15:14 - Louse on the tail a lion Some say that it could not have occurred by chance, that there must be some agent, like a god that set up the constants to enable life. Let's just look at the constants associated with the different forces. Gravity: If the gravitational constant was too small, gravity would be too weak, and planets wouldn’t form. If it was too large, then stars like the sun would burn up too fast. Electromagnetism: The electromagnetic force is responsible for the distance at which electrons orbits in atoms. If the force was weaker, the atomic size would increase because electrons would be further away from the nucleus. This could impact chemistry, as it would change the strength of chemical bonds. A higher constant would lead to cooler stars and a lower constant would lead to hotter stars. If the constant was bigger, atoms larger than hydrogen atoms could not form and stars may never ignite, because protons may not have been able to overcome the coulomb barrier to fuse in the first place. Strong force: If the strong coupl

To learn subjects like this more in depth, go to: https://brilliant.org/arvinash -- you can sign up for free! And the first 200 people will get 20% off their annual membership. Enjoy! Citations: Yale research on recording wave collapse, Minev et al: http://t.ly/cX9v Bouchard et al paper on observing recoherence: http://t.ly/rOqb Quantum mechanics link to time, Smolin et al: http://t.ly/2Psj Like this stuff? Join my Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/arvinash Chapters: 0:00 - What's the problem? 1:08 - Quantum indeterminism 2:42 - What is superposition? 3:50 - How do we know this is reality? 5:03 - Switch from quantum to classical 6:06 - Quantum decoherence explained 8:52 - Is decoherence really irreversible? 11:26 - Is there a point of no return? 12:18 - How does QM determine time Summary: How does the indeterminate world of quantum mechanics, where the future isn’t fixed, become the classical predictable real world we experience? Quantum researchers argue about it even today. It's really all about time, and the boundary between the past and future. Quantum mechanics insist that the spin of particle has neither one direction or the other until we look. The very act of looking forces the universe to make a choice. All the variables that characterize the properties of an elementary particles, such as its position and momentum, are encoded in a mathematical expression called a wave function. It is just a sum of the states that the particle could be found in. This is called a superposition. By itself, the wave function doesn’t have any intuitive meaning. But the square of the wave function gives us the probability of finding that quantum object in any particular place. Prior to measurement, quantum mechanics doesn’t really tell us anything about a particle. We know this is true because particles interfere with each other prior to measurement as in the double slit experiment. In our macro world, we never see this superposition. So

Get World Class VPN service for less than $3/month: https://www.privateinternetaccess.com/arvinash - Save 77%! 30-day money back guarantee! If you use your computer on any public Wifi, or don't want to be censored from websites because of your geographic location, then this is a must. Citation: Leane and Smirnov, Physical Review Letters, 22 April 2021 (10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.161101) - https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.00015 Outro musical Artist of the week: Valentina Gribanova, "Cinematic elecronic ambient" Join my Patreon gang: https://www.patreon.com/arvinash 0:00 - Intro & sponsor 1:20 - Evidence for Dark Matter 2:25 - Detecting dark matter 3:10 - Paper by Leane & Smirnov 3:37 - What are exoplanets? 3:48 - Dark matter behavior in Exoplanets 5:22 - Smoking gun 5:52 - Why not use neutron stars 6:43 - Super-Jupiters 7:02 - How do we detect exoplanet heat? Dark Matter may be detected via Exoplanets. All the matter that is visible to us constitutes only about 18% of the total matter that we think actually exists in the universe. We know this because when all the known mass of a galaxy like the Milky Way is taken into account, the outermost stars of the galaxies are moving way too fast given the gravitational attraction that can calculated. The total gravity would be too weak to keep these stars bound within the galaxy. When you calculate what the gravity of the galaxy would need to be in order to observe the rotational speeds that we observe, you can calculate the mass that should be there, but isn’t visible. Since we can’t see it, and we don’t know what it is, we call it "dark" matter. It does not emit any light, nor interacts with ordinary things in any way that we can detect, except through gravity. Scientists have tried detecting it in liquid Xenon baths, via sensors on silicon chips, and the Large Hadron Collider in Geneva. but so far to no avail. But in a new paper published in the journal physical review letters, Physicists Rebec

To study subjects like this more in depth, go to: https://brilliant.org/arvinash -- you can sign up for free! And the first 200 people will get 20% off their annual membership. Enjoy! Background videos: Special Relativity: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZAf7FXih-Jc General Relativity: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tzQC3uYL67U Maxwell & speed of light: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FSEJ4YLXtt8 Why isn't c infinite?: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=392N-IYRepc Outro artist of the week: Nicholas Antwi (BMI), "Mysterious Synth Drum Beat" 0:00 - Why time is a dimension 1:43 - Speed of light was a problem 3:54 - How Einstein resolved problem 4:54 - Minkowski geometry 6:59 - What're world lines 7:30 - What's a light cone 9:19 - How simultaneity is relativity 10:51 - How relativity affects light cones 13:09 - Future video topic 13:35 - Course at Brilliant for further study Summary: How to visualize Minkowski four dimensional spacetime and relativity using light cones and world lines. These are three spatial dimensions and one time dimension in the universe. With these 4 coordinates, you could rendezvous with anyone anywhere in the universe. In fact these 4 dimensions can describe any event in the universe. But how did the idea of time as a dimension come about? How can we best visualize these 4 dimensions? And what really happens when space and time start doing seemingly weird things when two objects move relative to each other? In the late 1800’s, scientists had recognized that there was an inconsistency between two theories – Newton’s laws of motion, and Maxwell’s equations describing electricity and magnetism. The problem was the speed of light. Maxwell had shown that light was a self-propagating electromagnetic wave. And his theory predicted its speed to be about 300,000 km/s. The question was what would the measured speed of light be if the person measuring it was moving. According to Newton, this moving observer shou

Get your SPECIAL OFFER for MagellanTV here: https://try.magellantv.com/arvinash - It's an exclusive offer for our viewers! Start your free trial today. MagellanTV is a new kind of streaming service run by filmmakers with 3,000+ documentaries! Check out our personal recommendation and MagellanTV’s exclusive playlists: https://www.magellantv.com/genres/science-and-tech Chapters: 0:00 - Speed of light and the past 1:24 - Cosmic Microwave Background 2:55 - What the early universe looked like 3:24 - What caused transparent universe 4:45 - Why is CMB not Gamma Rays? 5:51 - CMB - perfect Black Body 6:02 - What is a black body? 7:02 - Temperature of CMB 7:31 - Isotropy of the universe 8:15 - Why are there galaxies? 9:22 - Where did anisotropy come from? 10:14 - Evidence for cosmic inflation 11:14 - Why is the universe flat? 13:07 - Evidence for Big Bang 13:54 - Can we know anything prior to CMB? Join my Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/arvinash Outro artist of the week: Oleksandr Koltsov, "Classic House 90s Rave Music" Summary: If we look as far out as possible, we would see a uniform glow of low level radiation in all directions. This is called the cosmic microwave background, or CMB. It is the oldest light in the universe. And it can tell us a lot about its early history. Before the CMB, the universe was an opaque and featureless. About 380,000 years after the big bang, the universe cooled to around 3000 Kelvin, allowing electrons to combine with protons to form atoms. The universe then became transparent, because photons were free to travel from one end of the universe to the other, without being scattered by electrons. Why is this light from the very early universe microwave light, instead of higher energy gamma rays? 3000 K was not energetic enough to be gamma rays. In the 13.7 billion years it took for the light to reach earth, space expanded, causing the wavelength of photons to increases to microwaves. The CMB is the most p

Signup for your FREE trial to Wondrium here: http://ow.ly/f5Jw30rNLaD - Highly recommended! Explanation of light cones: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZfR1Jc6Zglo 0:00 - FTL is possible! 2:43 - Why is there a speed limit? 4:37 - Einstein's postulates 6:22 - What if speed of light was infinite? 8:29 - What if we could send instantaneous subspace signals? 13:22 - No warp drives? 14:12 - Special offer from Wondrium Further reading: Faster than light, special relativity, causality: https://t.ly/6XUe Why FTL implies time travel: https://t.ly/Yhzj How instantaneous communication violates causality: https://t.ly/sx9E How can two moving observers both experience time dilation: https://t.ly/k9T4 Summary: If you point a powerful laser at the moon, and spin it 100 times per second, the dot on the moon will move 3X the speed of light. This is ok. The maximum speed limit is not a limit with which things can move, but is a limit on the speed of causality. A cause cannot have an effect anywhere in the universe faster than the speed of light. What are the implications of having a speed limit on causality? Why is there a limit in the first place? And how would causality be broken if information could travel faster than light. Only a force can cause something. The speed of information is the speed of a force field. You can’t send information faster than the force field can change. This sets an upper limit on its speed. Light in a vacuum travels at c, the maximum speed because photons are massless. Without mass there is no restriction on its velocity. Einstein’s theory of special relativity is based on two postulates. Neither of the postulates state that FTL is impossible. Postulate 1: The laws of physics are the same in every reference frame. Postulate 2: The speed of light in a vacuum is constant, and independent of the motion of the source of that light. But what if this maximum speed was infinite, implying that the speed of light is in

Get your SPECIAL OFFER for MagellanTV here: https://try.magellantv.com/arvinash - It's an exclusive offer for our viewers! Start your free trial today. MagellanTV is a new kind of streaming service run by filmmakers with 3,000+ documentaries! Check out our personal recommendation and MagellanTV’s exclusive playlists: https://www.magellantv.com/genres/science-and-tech Chapters 0:00 - You are a time traveler 2:32 - Spacetime & light cone review 6:15 - Flat Spacetime equations 7:03 - Schwarzschild radius, metric 8:42 - Light cone near a black hole 10:15 - How to escape black hole 10:39 - Kerr-Newman metric 11:34 - How to remove the event horizon 11:50 - What is a naked singularity 12:20 - How to travel back in time 13:26 - Problems Summary Time travel is nothing special. You’re time traveling right now into the future. Relativity theory shows higher gravity and higher speed can slow time down enough to allow you to potentially travel far into the future. But can you travel back in time to the past? In this video I first do a quick review of light cones, world lines, events, light like curves, time-like curves, and space-like curves in this video so that you can understand the rest of the video. A space like-world line means that the object has to travel faster than light. But moving anything to the speed of light requires an infinite amount of energy to accelerate. So this is not possible. Going faster than the speed of light can create scenarios that allow you to travel back in time. But since this is not physically possible, we need to figure out a clever manipulation of space time. This means we have to solve Einstein’s equations of General relativity. The simplest spacetime is a flat spacetime. The equation for this can be expressed in Cartesian or spherical coordinates. But to travel back in time we need more complex spacetime. The first solution ever presented to Einstein’s field equations was done by Karl Schwarzschild. He formula

Many thanks to our sponsor, Audible - Visit http://audible.com/arvinash , or TEXT "ArvinAsh" to 500-500 to start your FREE 30 DAY TRIAL. Support this channel AND enjoy thousands of audio books, podcasts, & originals. FREE APP DOWNLOAD at the link above. Chapters: 0:00 - Summary of metastability 1:33- Intro to energy potentials 4:08 - The shocking behavior of quantum particles 5:57 - Why a metastable universe could destroy us 7:21 - Why the Higgs potential is special 7:34 - Higgs mechanism 8:06 - Why we think the universe is metastable 8:38 - False vacuum state of Higgs 9:54 - What we would see with Higgs at true vacuum 10:31 - Why isn't everyone panicking? 11:53 - Audible offer for Arvin Ash viewers Cited paper on lifespan of metastable universe: https://journals.aps.org/prd/pdf/10.1103/PhysRevD.97.056006 Summary: Could the universe be in a metastable, or false vacuum state? Could there be a looming vacuum catastrophe waiting to happen? Is the universe doomed? This is related to the Higgs boson and the heaviest fundamental particle we know of, the top quark. All systems tend to minimize energy. Just as in the case of atoms forming molecules to lower overall energy of the system, particles also have a propensity to lower their potential energy. A very simply potential energy diagram looks like a simple parabola. The Y axis is potential energy, and the X axis represents a parameter by which potential energy varies, such as position, energy, and field value. There's a minimum, or lowest point at 0 energy on the x-axis. What if we had two minima, where one minimum was at a higher energy state than the other minimum. A physical system trying to minimize energy would always seek to fall into the lowest possible minimum. But the key is that in order to do this, it has to overcome the barrier. This is the classical picture of how potential energy works. But the world is fundamentally quantum mechanical, not classical. The Heisenberg’s un

Get your SPECIAL OFFER for MagellanTV here: https://try.magellantv.com/arvinash - It's an exclusive offer for our viewers! Start your free trial today. MagellanTV is a new kind of streaming service run by filmmakers with 3,000+ documentaries! Check out our personal recommendation and MagellanTV’s exclusive playlists: https://www.magellantv.com/genres/science-and-tech CHAPTERS: 0:00 - What is the anomaly? 2:12 - Special offer for AA viewers 2:57 - Best theories in physics 3:46 - Why is there something instead of nothing? 5:57- Matter-antimatter creation 7:16 - Baryogenesis 8:12 - Sakharov conditions 9:15 - C and CP symmetry 11:23 - Weak force violates CP 12:02 - Baryon conservation 13:01 - Theories on matter antimatter asymmetry SUMMARY: Why are we here? Why is there something instead of nothing. Part of the answer is rooted in physics. Matter is not the simplest thing there could have been. The simplest thing In physics is nothing, the emptiness of spacetime. So why isn’t the entire universe made of nothing? According to physics, that's what the universe should be made of, because whenever matter is created, an equal amount of antimatter is also created. But when matter and antimatter meet, they annihilate each other leaving nothing. But for some reason almost everything in the visible universe is made of matter. What happened to all the antimatter? The Standard model and general relativity do not account for how we got so much matter and almost no antimatter. First, how did something come from nothing? With quantum mechanics, this “problem” has a workable solution. Nothing, or empty space has quantum fluctuations. Virtual particles are created and destroyed everywhere all the time. Empty space has energy, it can exert a force as can be seen in the Casimir effect. But when matter is created, antimatter is also created which annihilate each other. Antimatter is just like matter, except with the opposite charge. But, we would expect to see

To learn QM or quantum computing in depth, check out: https://brilliant.org/arvinash -- Their course called "Quantum computing" is one of the best. You can sign up for free! And the first 200 people will get 20% off their annual membership. Enjoy! Chapters: 0:00 - Weirdness of quantum mechanics 1:51 - Intuitive understanding of entanglement 4:46 - How do we know that superposition is real? 5:40 - The EPR Paradox 6:50 - Spooky action and hidden variables 7:51 - Bell's Inequality 9:07 - How are objects entangled? 10:03 - Is spooky action at a distance true? 10:40 - What is quantum entanglement really? 11:31 - How do two particles become one? 13:03 - What is non locality? 14:05 - Can we use entanglement for communication? 15:08 - Advantages of quantum entanglement 15:49 - How to learn quantum computing Summary: Albert Einstein described Entanglement as “spooky action at a distance,” where doing something to one of a But it's not spooky action at a distance, at all. So what is entanglement? Electrons have a quantum property called spin that makes them act like little magnets. We’ll always measure it pointing in one direction or the opposite: up or down, say. If we entangle two electrons so that their spins are always pointing in opposite directions, the two spins are said to be correlated. If we entangle the two electrons in this way – and fire them in opposite directions, we don’t know which one of the pair is up and which one is down until we make a measurement. If we find that electron 1 is spin up. We know the spin of electron 2 must be down. Why isn't this like a pair of gloves? The handedness of the gloves is there from the start. It never changes. With entangled particles that’s not the case. They are in a superposition. Prior to measurement, there is no definite answer. How do we know superposition is real? The double slit experiment is good evidence. Entangled particles are stranger, because a measurement on one particle determ

Signup for your FREE trial to Wondrium here: http://ow.ly/f5Jw30rNLaD - Highly recommended! Chapters: 0:00 - Einstein's predictions 1:51 - How wormholes are predicted 3:39 - Kip Thorne time travel thought experiment 6:55 - Why don't we see time travelers now? 7:25 - Could black holes be wormholes? 8:35 - Could we create wormholes? 9:15 - What is negative mass? 10:19 - Proposals to create wormholes 11:15 - Why the NOW is precious References: Maldacena and Milekhin paper: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2008.06618.pdf Detecting wormholes in centers of galaxies: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2008.09411.pdf Making wormholes using black holes: https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.03273 How to build a wormhole with cosmic strings: https://t.ly/TWS3 Summary: Traveling forward in time is not a problem. You're doing that now. Can we travel backward in time? There is a theoretically possible way to do it using wormholes. One solution to general relativity predicts an Einstein Rosen bridge, which is a type of wormhole. If this is real, they could also allow us to travel back in time. Einstein’s field equations are nothing but a tool to understand how matter affects the curvature of spacetime and how spacetime affects matter. So we can imagine almost any creative spacetime curvature that results in a worm hole, and then by solving the field equations figure out how the matter in this spacetime must be configured to obtain that desired curvature. One solution can form a spacetime curvature that is like a tunnel or shortcut between two points in space. These points can in principle be very far apart in space, or they can also be different points far apart in time. By traversing this wormhole, you can effectively travel faster than the speed of light. Caltech physicist Kip Thorne came up with a thought experiment to achieve this: Imagine in the year 2200, we create a stable and traversable wormhole in a lab on earth. We then take one end of the wormhole and place it on a

Get your SPECIAL OFFER for MagellanTV here: https://try.magellantv.com/arvinash - It's an exclusive offer for our viewers! Start your free trial today. MagellanTV is a new kind of streaming service run by filmmakers with 3,000+ documentaries! Check out our personal recommendation and MagellanTV’s exclusive playlists: https://www.magellantv.com/genres/science-and-tech Chapters: 0:00 - Why there is an "Information barrier" 3:04 - Ocean wave analogy 4:46 - Gravitational waves are cosmic Tsumanis 5:45 - How are gravitational waves detected? 8:37 - What caused the gravitational wave background? 10:19 - What would the gravitational background reveal? 10:54 - Future gravitational detectors Summary: The information that we know about the universe comes almost exclusively from the analysis of electromagnetic radiation. But there is only so much this light can reveal because there is an inherent barrier. The oldest light that we can detect comes 380,000 years after the Big Bang - Cosmic Microwave background, or CMB. We don’t have access to information about the universe any earlier than 380,000 years after the big bang. But light is not the only thing that can carry information. According to the latest cosmology models, there should be a gravitational wave background. This background would have occurred within the first second of the big bang so it would give us information that is almost as old as the big bang. It could reveal the secrets of creation. If you were in a house near the beach and the sea was calm, you could conclude that the wind must be gentle. If you saw the waves becoming bigger, you could conclude that somewhere the wind must have picked up, because a storm far away can form strong waves which can travel very far. So, the reason for the high waves could be a storm far away, or there could be some strong wind nearby. This is analogous to how it is with gravitational waves. We cannot feel the reason for the gravitational waves, but kn

(To study Quantum Computing in depth, go to: https://brilliant.org/arvinash -- you can sign up for free! And the first 200 people will get 20% off their annual membership. The Brilliant course, "Quantum Computing" is one of the best offered online today! Enjoy! Chapters: 0:00 - Quantum Computers 0:55 - Common computer components 2:51 - What is a Transistor? 3:20 - What is a qubit? 6:07 - Advantages of superpositions 6:40 - How does a quantum computer compute? 7:30 - Quantum algorithms 8:54 - What kinds of problems can Q computers solve? 10:32 - Why are quantum computers difficult to build? 11:50 - Is the universe a giant computer? Summary: (This is part 1 or at least a 2 part series on quantum computing. Each video will be successively more in-depth.) Classical and quantum computers share many general components - power supply, data storage, RAM memory, motherboard, but they differ in the way the central processing unit (CPU) works. A classical CPU is made from transistors, which is like an on/off switch. If it is on, then it’s like the number 1 or true. If it is off it’s like the number 0 or false. This is what binary means. A transitor represents a binary bit. Quantum computers do not use binary bits, they use quantum bits or qubits. What is a Qubit? It is a bit in a superposition of 1 and 0. What does superposition mean? Quantum theory shows that quantum objects such as electrons, prior to measurement, are in multiple states at the same time. So something like the spin of an electron, which is a measurement of its intrinsic angular momentum, when measured is either up or down. When not measured, it is in both states of up and down. This is what superposition is. If you visualize a qubit as a sphere, a classical bit can be 1 or 0 - the north pole or south pole. But a qubit can be in any place on the surface of this sphere depending on the superposition. A single qubit can be any mixture of 1 and 0, so the possible values are infinite! S

Get your SPECIAL OFFER for MagellanTV here: https://try.magellantv.com/arvinash - It's an exclusive offer for our viewers! Start your free trial today. MagellanTV is a new kind of streaming service run by filmmakers with 3,000+ documentaries! Check out our personal recommendation and MagellanTV’s exclusive playlists: https://www.magellantv.com/genres/science-and-tech Background videos: Quantum Field theory: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jlEovwE1oHI Quantum mechanical model of the atom: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fP2TAw7NnVU Chapters: 0:00 - The beginning of science 2:07 - Magellan offer 2:30 - Classical physics 3:40 - What is a black body? 4:24 - The Ultraviolet catastrophe 5:30 - Solution by Max Planck - Planck's law 7:03 - Why electrons should hit the nucleus 8:04 - The Bohr model of the atom 9:48 - A problem with Schrodinger's equation 10:30 - The Dirac equation and quantum field theory 11:51 - Is the universe Probabilistic or deterministic? 12:58 - What would a non-quantum universe look like? Summary: What do we think the universe is quantum? What if the universe was not quantized? Classical mechanics was doing just fine after Isaac Newton reduced nearly all mechanical phenomena to a single powerful equation: F=MA, James Clerk Maxwell also solved the mystery of electricity and magnetism. Classical physics is continuous. This means you can always keep dividing things into smaller pieces. But scientists realized that classical physics had some major flaws because certain phenomena could not be explained, like the color of a hot glowing body. In 1900, Lord Rayleigh and James Jeans had used experimental data to come up with a law for how all objects emit electromagnetic radiation. The problem was that according to their theory a black body will send out energy in any frequency range allowed by the temperature. But for very energetic objects at temperatures above 5000 Kelvin, their theory predicts that the object should radiate a

Signup for your FREE trial to Wondrium here: http://ow.ly/9Rti30rNLcn - Highly recommended! Background videos: "What makes a Quantum computer so powerful?": https://youtu.be/RCj_BJ6BddM Chapters: 0:00 - What is a transistor? 1:40 - Review of computer components 2:58 - Intel 4004 processor 5:08 - How CPU and ALU processes information 6:56 - How logic gates work and are constructed 9:22 - How are two numbers added? 13:02 - How do quantum computers work? 16:56 - How to learn quantum computing in depth Summary: Any device that you might be watching this video on is made possible by something similar to a simple light switch. It's either on or off. Yes, or no, true or false - a transistor. The brain of your computer, called the CPU or central processing unit, is made up of billions of transistors. How does a computer work? The main component of a computer, that actually computes, is called the central processing unit, or CPU. The computational part of the CPU is called the ALU or arithmetic logic unit. ALU is composed of logic gates. Logic gates consist of groups of transistors. These logic gates do the actual computation in CPUs. In this video, we look more closely inside a CPU. We look at the first commercially available processor called the Intel 4004. It was a 4-bit processor. This means it could work with inputs formed by 4 bits. Thus, the processor could accept an input like 1011. This is also called a word. A word is an object made from 1’s and 0’s with which the CPU works. The Intel 4004 used 4-bit words, and consisted of 2250 transistors (Modern processors are 64-bit and consist of billions of transistors). Instruction tell the ALU how to process the inputs. How does an ALU work? If we want to add two numbers, 2 and 3, first these numbers will be represented by 4 binary bits. In binary code, 2 is 0010 and 3 is 0011. These are the input bits, also called operands. To add them together, the instruction code must tell the ALU to add

To learn about AI Neural Networks in depth, go to: https://brilliant.org/arvinash -- you can sign up for free! And the first 200 people will get 20% off their annual membership. Videos referenced: Penrose Orch-Or theory of consciousness: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bqk1oL42r5s Quantum computing: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RCj_BJ6BddM Chapters: 0:00 - AI in science fiction 1:09 - AI challenges 2:42 - Turing test 3:46 - computer consciousness 4:17 - Machine learning 6:00 - Theory of mind 7:39 - Can AI be creative? Alphago 10:19 - Can AI be self aware? 12:35 - Global Workspace Theory & Integrated information theory 13:34 - Can we become AI? 14:18 - Quantum consciousness 15:04 - Post biological 16:49 - Learn about neural networks Summary: It’s relatively easy to make an AI that can beat a human at chess, because that’s a well defined task. The machine can figure out the best next move by crunching through all the possible moves and counter moves. This is a task beyond the human mind, but not difficult for a fast computer. But translating languages or understanding text is a tougher challenge, because you often need knowledge about context. Alan Turing, a pioneer of computer science and early AI, suggested in 1950 that an ability to hold a convincing conversation could be a litmus test for whether machines can truly think. This is known as the Turing Test. But most scientists working in AI today don’t think it's a useful measure of anything about machine minds. Turing suggested that it would be better to create AI the way we teach children. And that is about how machine learning works. In machine learning, a set of training data is fed into the artificial neural network, and the connections between the nodes of the network are adjusted until they produce the output we’re looking for. What machine-learning AI lacks is common sense. But it’s very hard to pin down what common sense actually is. When we make decisions in a soci

FreeView of Magellan Video: https://www.magellantv.com/series/secrets-of-quantum-physics-4k/let-there-be-life Get your SPECIAL OFFER for MagellanTV here: https://try.magellantv.com/arvinash - It's an exclusive offer for our viewers! Start your free trial today. MagellanTV is a new kind of streaming service run by filmmakers with 3,000+ documentaries! Check out our personal recommendation and MagellanTV’s exclusive playlists: https://www.magellantv.com/genres/science-and-tech Background videos: Wave collapse and decoherence: https://youtu.be/wXJ9eQ7qTQk Intro to quantum fields: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jlEovwE1oHI Become an ArvinAsh Patron: https://www.patreon.com/bePatron?u=17543985 Chapters: 00:00 - World is quantized 2:17 - How de Broglie found particle wave duality 4:30 - Is a photon a wave or particle? Double slit experiment 7:59 - What is the wave function 9:57 - What is a particle intuitively? 10:34 - Why don't large things behave like quantum objects? 11:07 - What is de Broglie wavelength? 13:50 - What is a particle? Summary: By the end of 1905, we had two big new equations in physics. Max Planck’s, Energy equals Planck’s constant times the frequency, and Einstein’s Energy equals the mass times the speed of light squared. A young physicist, Louis Debroglie decided to combined them: MC^2 = hf, Since c and h are constants, if you ignore them, it simplifies to M = f – mass is essentially equal to frequency. But how can mass equal frequency because these are two completely different things. Mass is associated with particles. Frequency is associated with a wave. Waves like water waves and sound waves can disappear, but the particles doing the waving would still be there. What is doing the waving in quantum objects? Quantum mechanics says that that the particle is not only a particle but is also a wave. They are not separate. This duality can be demonstrated with the double slit experiment. The original experiment done b

Original Title: Real Time Crystals: The Surprising Science behind Dr Strange time stone