The Royal Institution

Chemistry teacher and science demonstration virtuoso Andrew Szydlo is back at the Ri, for an unforgettable evening exploring the exciting world of metals. Subscribe for regular science videos: http://bit.ly/RiSubscRibe Metals make up the bulk of the Periodic Table, and show a huge range of interesting behaviours. From watching liquid metals become solid, to seeing solid metals dissolve before your eyes, Andrew will take us on journey through the weird and wonderful ways in which metals behave and react. Expect lots of flashes, smokes and smells, exciting colourful chemistry, and plenty of flames along the way! Andrew Szydlo is a chemist and secondary school teacher at Highgate School, well-loved by pupils and Ri attendees alike. This science extravaganza was filmed in the Ri on 2 November 2019. --- A very special thank you to our Patreon supporters who help make these videos happen, especially: Andrew McGhee, Anna-Chiara Bellini, Dave Ostler, David Crowner, David Lindo, David Schick, Erik Shepherd, Greg Nagel, Jan Bannister, Joe Godenzi, John C. Vesey, Kellas Lowery, Lasse T. Stendan, Lester Su, Matt Townsend, Osian Gwyn Williams, Paul Brown, Radu Tizu, Rebecca Pan, Robert Hillier, Robert Reinecke and Roger Baker. --- The Ri is on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/TheRoyalInstitution and Twitter: http://twitter.com/ri_science and Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/royalinstitution and Tumblr: http://ri-science.tumblr.com/ Our editorial policy: http://www.rigb.org/home/editorial-policy Subscribe for the latest science videos: http://bit.ly/RiNewsletter

What makes a piano produce a sound? Watch the full fifth lecture of the series: https://www.rigb.org/christmas-lectures/watch/1989/exploring-music/scales-synthesizers-and-samplers?utm_source=youtube&utm_medium=social&utm_term=description Charles Taylor gave the 1989 Christmas Lectures "Exploring Music" about how science and music are often treated as separate subjects but one can often say a lot about the other. His fifth lecture, where this clip is from, delves into electronic instruments and explores whether these will one day replace the traditional ones. Watch the full series: https://www.rigb.org/christmas-lectures/watch/1989/exploring-music?utm_source=youtube&utm_medium=social&utm_term=description The Ri is on Twitter: http://twitter.com/ri_science and Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/royalinstitution and Tumblr: http://ri-science.tumblr.com/ Our editorial policy: http://www.rigb.org/home/editorial-policy Subscribe for the latest science videos: http://bit.ly/RiNewsletter

How can we use mathematics and physics to prolong mobility and even win the Olympic Games? Subscribe for regular science videos: http://bit.ly/RiSubscRibe Eline van der Kruk takes you on a journey to the world of biomechanics, a place where computer simulations and smart sensors are being developed to push the boundaries of human movement. The Karl Luyben Lecture is dedicated to rector magnificus emeritus Karel Luyben and is held once a year somewhere in the world outside of Delft, The Netherlands, and once a year in Delft. Watch the Q&A: https://youtu.be/GENeampErpU Eline van der Kruk is a postdoctoral research fellow at the department of Bioengineering at Imperial College London. Her current work is aimed at developing neuro-musculoskeletal models and running predictive simulations to predict mobility impairments due to ageing. This talk was filmed in the Ri on 30 October 2019. --- A very special thank you to our Patreon supporters who help make these videos happen, especially: Alan Latteri, Andrew McGhee, Anna-Chiara Bellini, Dave Ostler, David Crowner, David Lindo, David Schick, Erik Shepherd, Greg Nagel, Jan Bannister, Joe Godenzi, John C. Vesey, Kellas Lowery, Lasse T. Stendan, Lester Su, Matt Townsend, Osian Gwyn Williams, Paul Brown, Radu Tizu, Rebecca Pan, Robert Hillier, Robert Reinecke and Roger Baker. --- The Ri is on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/TheRoyalInstitution and Twitter: http://twitter.com/ri_science and Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/royalinstitution and Tumblr: http://ri-science.tumblr.com/ Our editorial policy: http://www.rigb.org/home/editorial-policy Subscribe for the latest science videos: http://bit.ly/RiNewsletter

After six decades of examining signals from space, why have we yet to discover evidence of extra-terrestrial life? Keith's book "The Contact Paradox: Challenging our Assumptions in the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence" is available now - https://geni.us/JFpy For the past six decades a small cadre of researchers have been on a quest, as part of SETI, to search for extraterrestrial intelligence. So far, SETI has found no evidence of extraterrestrial life, but with more than a hundred billion stars in our Galaxy alone to search, the odds of quick success are stacked against us. Keith Cooper explores how far SETI has come since its modest beginnings, where it's going and the assumptions that we make in our search for extraterrestrial life. Watch the Q&A: https://youtu.be/_qEjTXrQ7vs Keith Cooper is a freelance science journalist and editor. Since 2006 Keith has been the Editor of Astronomy Now, and he is also the Editor of Astrobiology Magazine. In addition he has written on numerous space- and physics-related topics, from exploding stars to quantum computers, for Centauri Dreams, New Scientist, Physics World, physicsworld.com and Sky and Telescope. He holds a BSc in Physics with Astrophysics from the University of Manchester. This talk was filmed in the Ri on 22 November 2019. --- A very special thank you to our Patreon supporters who help make these videos happen, especially: Alan Latteri, Andrew McGhee, Anna-Chiara Bellini, Dave Ostler, David Crowner, David Lindo, David Schick, Erik Shepherd, Greg Nagel, Jan Bannister, Joe Godenzi, John C. Vesey, Kellas Lowery, Lasse T. Stendan, Lester Su, Matt Townsend, Osian Gwyn Williams, Paul Brown, Radu Tizu, Rebecca Pan, Robert Hillier, Robert Reinecke and Roger Baker. --- The Ri is on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/TheRoyalInstitution and Twitter: http://twitter.com/ri_science and Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/royalinstitution and Tumblr: http://ri-science.tumblr.com/ Our editorial

Eric M. Rogers gives a brief explanation of water rocket

The post-war baby boom of 1945-65 produced the biggest and richest generation in British history. David Willetts discusses how these boomers have attained this position at the expense of younger generations. Lord Willett's book "The Pinch - How the Baby Boomers Took Their Children's Future - And Why They Should Give it Back" is available now - https://geni.us/B0Gvq Watch the Q&A: https://youtu.be/O9kYLPbOyQA Lord Willetts is a visiting Professor at King’s College London, Governor of the Ditchley Foundation, Chair of the British Science Association and a member of the Council of the Institute for Fiscal Studies. He is also an Honorary Fellow of Nuffield College, Oxford. Lord Willetts has written widely on economic and social policy. His book ‘The Pinch’, which focused on intergenerational equity, was published in 2010, and he recently published ‘A University Education’. Lord Willetts served as the Member of Parliament for Havant, as Minister for Universities and Science and previously worked at HM Treasury and the No. 10 Policy Unit. This talk was filmed in the Ri on 28 November 2019. --- A very special thank you to our Patreon supporters who help make these videos happen, especially: Alan Latteri, Andrew McGhee, Anna-Chiara Bellini, Dave Ostler, David Crowner, David Lindo, David Schick, Erik Shepherd, Greg Nagel, Jan Bannister, Joe Godenzi, John C. Vesey, Kellas Lowery, Lasse T. Stendan, Lester Su, Matt Townsend, Osian Gwyn Williams, Paul Brown, Radu Tizu, Rebecca Pan, Robert Hillier, Robert Reinecke and Roger Baker. --- The Ri is on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/TheRoyalInstitution and Twitter: http://twitter.com/ri_science and Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/royalinstitution and Tumblr: http://ri-science.tumblr.com/ Our editorial policy: http://www.rigb.org/home/editorial-policy Subscribe for regular science videos: http://bit.ly/RiSubscRibe Product links on this page are affiliate links which means it won't cost you any extra

In 2015, researchers at the Large Hadron Collider found data suggesting the existence of super-rare, super-elusive particles called pentaquarks. Tara Shears explains how our investigation into these particles has the potential to revolutionise our lives in every aspect. Subscribe for regular science videos: http://bit.ly/RiSubscRibe Tara Shears is Professor of Physics at the University of Liverpool. She is an experimental particle physicist, and focuses on testing the Standard Model at the high energy frontier with the LHCb experiment at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider. --- A very special thank you to our Patreon supporters who help make these videos happen, especially: Alan Latteri, Andrew McGhee, Anna-Chiara Bellini, Dave Ostler, David Crowner, David Lindo, David Schick, Erik Shepherd, Greg Nagel, Jan Bannister, Joe Godenzi, John C. Vesey, Kellas Lowery, Lasse T. Stendan, Lester Su, Matt Townsend, Osian Gwyn Williams, Paul Brown, Radu Tizu, Rebecca Pan, Robert Hillier, Robert Reinecke and Roger Baker. --- The Ri is on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/TheRoyalInstitution and Twitter: http://twitter.com/ri_science and Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/royalinstitution and Tumblr: http://ri-science.tumblr.com/ Our editorial policy: http://www.rigb.org/home/editorial-policy Subscribe for the latest science videos: http://bit.ly/RiNewsletter Product links on this page may be affiliate links which means it won't cost you any extra but we may earn a small commission if you decide to purchase through the link.

How did life evolve on the nano scale?

In the first lecture of the 2019 Christmas Lectures, Hannah Fry explores how mathematical thinking and probability can allow us to understand and predict complex systems - even helping us to make our own luck. Watch more Christmas Lectures: http://www.rigb.org/christmas-lectures/watch?utm_source=youtube&utm_medium=social&utm_term=description Hannah Fry is the 2019 Christmas Lecturer. She is an Associate Professor in the Mathematics of Cities at the Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis at University College London. She works alongside a unique mix of physicists, mathematicians, computer scientists, architects and geographers to study patterns in human behaviour, particularly in an urban setting. Her research applies to a wide range of social problems and questions, from shopping and transport to urban crime, riots and terrorism.  https://www.rigb.org/christmas-lectures/2019-secrets-and-lies/meet-hannah-fry?utm_source=youtube&utm_medium=social&utm_term=description This Christmas Lecture was originally broadcast on BBC4 on 26 December 2019. Subscribe for regular science videos: http://bit.ly/RiSubscRibe The Ri is on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/TheRoyalInstitution and Twitter: http://twitter.com/ri_science and Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/royalinstitution and Tumblr: http://ri-science.tumblr.com/ Our editorial policy: http://www.rigb.org/home/editorial-policy Subscribe for the latest science videos: http://bit.ly/RiNewsletter Product links on this page may be affiliate links which means it won't cost you any extra but we may earn a small commission if you decide to purchase through the link.

The mysterious world of quantum mechanics has mystified scientists for decades. But ’’s Schrödinger's cat or the many worlds interpretation, the ideas quantum mechanics throws up about the reality we live in can seem incredibly strange and daunting. In this talk, Sean walks you through the history of quantum discoveries, from Einstein and Bohr to the present day, guiding you through the most intriguing subject in science and explaining his own favourite theories along the way. Sean M Carroll is a theoretical physicist, specialising in quantum mechanics, gravitation, cosmology, statistical mechanics, and foundations of physics, with occasional dabblings elsewhere. His official titles are Research Professor of Physics at Caltech and Research Professor at the Santa Fe Institute. He lives in Los Angeles with his wife, writer Jennifer Ouellette. This talk was filmed in the Ri on 22 January 2020. --- A very special thank you to our Patreon supporters who help make these videos happen, especially: Alan Latteri, Andrew McGhee, Anonymous, Dave Ostler, David Crowner, David Lindo, David Schick, Greg Nagel, Jan Bannister, Joe Godenzi, John C. Vesey, Kellas Lowery, L S, Lasse T. Stendan, Matt Townsend, Osian Gwyn Williams, Paul Brown, Rebecca Pan, Robert Hillier, Robert Reinecke, and Roger Baker. --- The Ri is on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/TheRoyalInstitution and Twitter: http://twitter.com/ri_science and Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/royalinstitution and Tumblr: http://ri-science.tumblr.com/ Our editorial policy: http://www.rigb.org/home/editorial-policy Subscribe for regular science videos: http://bit.ly/RiSubscRibe Product links on this page are affiliate links which means it won't cost you any extra but we may earn a small commission if you decide to purchase through the link.

In the second lecture of the 2019 Christmas Lectures, Hannah Fry shows how data-gobbling algorithms have taken over our lives and now control almost everything we do without us even realising. Watch more Christmas Lectures: http://www.rigb.org/christmas-lectures/watch?utm_source=youtube&utm_medium=social&utm_term=description Hannah Fry is the 2019 Christmas Lecturer. She is an Associate Professor in the Mathematics of Cities at the Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis at University College London. She works alongside a unique mix of physicists, mathematicians, computer scientists, architects and geographers to study patterns in human behaviour, particularly in an urban setting. Her research applies to a wide range of social problems and questions, from shopping and transport to urban crime, riots and terrorism.  https://www.rigb.org/christmas-lectures/2019-secrets-and-lies/meet-hannah-fry?utm_source=youtube&utm_medium=social&utm_term=description This Christmas Lecture was originally broadcast on BBC4 on 27 December 2019. Subscribe for regular science videos: http://bit.ly/RiSubscRibe The Ri is on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/TheRoyalInstitution and Twitter: http://twitter.com/ri_science and Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/royalinstitution and Tumblr: http://ri-science.tumblr.com/ Our editorial policy: http://www.rigb.org/home/editorial-policy Subscribe for the latest science videos: http://bit.ly/RiNewsletter Product links on this page may be affiliate links which means it won't cost you any extra but we may earn a small commission if you decide to purchase through the link.

Chemical elements are integral to our modern technology and even to the origins of life itself - but what would happen if we were to run out of them? Subscribe for regular science videos: http://bit.ly/RiSubscRibe Our panel of experts discusses how our modern consumer culture could see us permanently using up our supply of some elements, and what we can all do to safeguard them for future generations. Andrea Sella is a synthetic inorganic chemist, teacher of chemistry, and presenter of chemistry in public both live on stage, on radio and television, and through social media. Margaret Bates has been involved in waste management for over 25 years and undertook her PhD on landfill microbiology. Janet Gunter is an activist & anthropologist who co-founded the Restart Project in 2013 to address the throwaway, consumerist model of electronics and growing mountain of e-waste that it’s leaving behind. You can find out more about the Restart Project here: https://therestartproject.org/ Tim Gabriel is a Lecturer in Chemical Sciences at Manchester Metropolitan University, where he teaches Chemistry to laboratory scientist degree apprentices based in small to blue-chip chemical companies located all over England. This event is chaired by Victoria Gill, an award-winning science correspondent for BBC News, who’s reported on everything from missions to Mars to plastic pollution on Earth. This event was organised in partnership with the Royal Society of Chemistry. This talk and Q&A was filmed in the Ri on 20 November 2019. --- A very special thank you to our Patreon supporters who help make these videos happen, especially: Alan Latteri, Andrew McGhee, Anonymous, Dave Ostler, David Crowner, David Lindo, David Schick, Greg Nagel, Jan Bannister, Joe Godenzi, John C. Vesey, Kellas Lowery, L S, Lasse T. Stendan, Matt Townsend, Osian Gwyn Williams, Paul Brown, Rebecca Pan, Robert Hillier, Robert Reinecke, and Roger Baker. --- The Ri is on Patreon: h

Eric M Rogers gives us a warning about the way we attach new unfamiliar knowledge to old familiar things that we already know. Watch the full sixth, and final, lecture of the series: https://www.rigb.org/christmas-lectures/watch/1979/atoms-for-enquiring-minds/seeing-atoms-at-last?utm_source=youtube&utm_medium=social&utm_term=description Eric M Rogers gave the 1979 Christmas Lectures "Atoms for Enquiring Minds" about atoms, these particles that are too small to be seen with a naked eye, but can be indirectly visualised and explored. The sixth and final lecture "Seeing Atoms at Last", where this clip is from, explores how we are able to see atoms that are otherwise invisible to the naked eye by indirect means. Watch the full series: https://www.rigb.org/christmas-lectures/watch/1979/atoms-for-enquiring-minds?utm_source=youtube&utm_medium=social&utm_term=description The Ri is on Twitter: http://twitter.com/ri_science and Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/royalinstitution and Tumblr: http://ri-science.tumblr.com/ Our editorial policy: http://www.rigb.org/home/editorial-policy Subscribe for the latest science videos: http://bit.ly/RiNewsletter

In the third and final lecture of the 2019 Christmas Lectures, Hannah Fry looks at why maths can fail and asks what the limits of maths are. Watch more Christmas Lectures: http://www.rigb.org/christmas-lectures/watch?utm_source=youtube&utm_medium=social&utm_term=description Hannah Fry is the 2019 Christmas Lecturer. She is an Associate Professor in the Mathematics of Cities at the Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis at University College London. She works alongside a unique mix of physicists, mathematicians, computer scientists, architects and geographers to study patterns in human behaviour, particularly in an urban setting. Her research applies to a wide range of social problems and questions, from shopping and transport to urban crime, riots and terrorism.  https://www.rigb.org/christmas-lectures/2019-secrets-and-lies/meet-hannah-fry?utm_source=youtube&utm_medium=social&utm_term=description This Christmas Lecture was originally broadcast on BBC4 on 28 December 2019. Subscribe for regular science videos: http://bit.ly/RiSubscRibe The Ri is on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/TheRoyalInstitution and Twitter: http://twitter.com/ri_science and Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/royalinstitution and Tumblr: http://ri-science.tumblr.com/ Our editorial policy: http://www.rigb.org/home/editorial-policy Subscribe for the latest science videos: http://bit.ly/RiNewsletter Product links on this page may be affiliate links which means it won't cost you any extra but we may earn a small commission if you decide to purchase through the link.

What would happen if you were to cross the event horizon

Mathematics is everywhere, in all of our lives. W’’t escape it - but can we always trust how it's used? Kit’s book "The Maths of Life and Death" is available now - https://geni.us/jWrj7u8 Watch the Q&A: https://youtu.be/ajIIPPlZkHg Whether it’s helping to determine our likelihood of having an illness or trying to predict crime rates around the world, maths has an inextricable relationship with the modern world. Kit Yates explains the impact mathematics can have on real people’s lives, even when they don’t realise it. From mathematical miscarriages of justice, to the potentially scarring effects of medical false positives, to the power of ‘fake news’ and the surprising likelihood of coincidences, maths' impact on our lives cannot be understated. Kit Yates is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Mathematical Sciences and co-director of the Centre for Mathematical Biology at the University of Bath. He completed his PhD in Mathematics at the University of Oxford in 2011. This talk was filmed in the Ri on 21 January 2020. --- A very special thank you to our Patreon supporters who help make these videos happen, especially: Alan Latteri, Andrew McGhee, Anonymous, Dave Ostler, David Crowner, David Lindo, David Schick, Greg Nagel, Jan Bannister, Joe Godenzi, John C. Vesey, Kellas Lowery, L S, Lasse T. Stendan, Matt Townsend, Osian Gwyn Williams, Paul Brown, Rebecca Pan, Robert Hillier, Robert Reinecke, and Roger Baker. --- The Ri is on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/TheRoyalInstitution and Twitter: http://twitter.com/ri_science and Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/royalinstitution and Tumblr: http://ri-science.tumblr.com/ Our editorial policy: http://www.rigb.org/home/editorial-policy Subscribe for regular science videos: http://bit.ly/RiSubscRibe Product links on this page are affiliate links which means it won't cost you any extra but we may earn a small commission if you decide to purchase through the link.

Alison Woollard shows how we can use special genes to make worms' muscle

Why does a spinning top stand up? Why doesn't a rolling wheel fall over? And how does a falling cat always man

Alison Woollard demonstrates how DNA replicates when it divides, with some

Can psychedelics really induce mystical-type experiences if used in the right circumstances? Subscribe for regular science videos: http://bit.ly/RiSubscRibe In this short clip from his talk on psychedelics and the mind, Michael Pollan gives an example of how psychedelic drug therapy can result in profound experiences. Watch the full talk: https://youtu.be/LcAj1oxMT9U Michael Pollan is a bestselling author of books on human nature and nutrition, famously the 'Omnvivore's Dilemma'. In mid-life, he turned his attention to one of the most intriguing stories of the 20th century; the scientific promise and cultural burial of psychedelic research and its renaissance today in the public conversation around mental health, palliative care, addictive behaviours and a loss of personal meaning and connection in modern societies. The Ri is on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/TheRoyalInstitution and Twitter: http://twitter.com/ri_science and Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/royalinstitution and Tumblr: http://ri-science.tumblr.com/ Our editorial policy: http://www.rigb.org/home/editorial-policy Subscribe for the latest science videos: http://bit.ly/RiNewsletter

We’re learning more and more a’

Alison Woollard explains how we can now use c

Humans have an odd relationship with fear and pleasure. We seek out horror movies, rollercoasters and extreme experiences on a weirdly regular basis - but why? Subscribe for regular science videos: http://bit.ly/RiSubscRibe Thrill-seekers will attest to the rush we can get from being hurtled around a theme park and dropped into the pitch black at terrifying speeds. But there’s something undoubtedly confusing about the link we experience between being petrified and pleasure. In this talk Brendan Walker explores the ‘thrill-seeking gene’, how we can optimise rides to reverse-engineer fear, and why we find it so fun to be frightened. Professor Brendan Walker’s expertise spans art, design, science, technology, and engineering. He has spoken at Tate Modern about his work, hosted the Global Design Forum for Sir John Sorrell, and facilitated sessions for Crafts Council, as well as developing and delivering science and technology Christmas public lectures. He currently holds the post of Professor of Creative Industries at Middlesex University, and has previously held posts as Deputy Head of Design Interactions at the Royal College of Art, and Principal Research Fellow in Computer Science at the University of Nottingham. This talk was filmed in the Ri on 28 February 2020. --- A very special thank you to our Patreon supporters who help make these videos happen, especially: Alan Latteri, Andrew Downing, Andrew McGhee, Anonymous, Dave Ostler, David Crowner, David Lindo, David Schick, Greg Nagel, Jan Bannister, Joe Godenzi, John C. Vesey, Kellas Lowery, L S, Lasse T. Stendan, Matt Townsend, Osian Gwyn Williams, Paul Brown, Rebecca Pan, Robert Hillier, Robert Reinecke, and Roger Baker. --- The Ri is on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/TheRoyalInstitution and Twitter: http://twitter.com/ri_science and Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/royalinstitution and Tumblr: http://ri-science.tumblr.com/ Our editorial policy: http://www.rigb.org/home/editorial-

Simon Conway Morris shows how animals became fossilised, speeding up the process using liquid nitrogen. Watch the full first lecture of the series: https://www.rigb.org/christmas-lectures/watch/1996/the-history-in-our-bones/staring-into-the-abyss?utm_source=youtube&utm_medium=social&utm_term=description Simon Conway Morris gave the 1996 Christmas Lectures "The History Of Our Bones" about the important role fossils and bones play in helping us understand the past. The first lecture "Staring Into The Abyss", where this clip is from, takes the audience through various skulls of animals from different eras and locations including the Tyrannosaurus rex, the sabre-toothed tiger and the horseshoe crab.

Getting your head around the implications of the many worlds theory can be an almost incomprehensible task. Subscribe for regular science videos: http://bit.ly/RiSubscRibe In this short clip from the Q&A following his talk on quantum mechanics, theoretical physicist Sean Carroll explores how we can conceive of the branches of the universe and how they could all fit. Watch the full talk: https://youtu.be/5hVmeOCJjOU Sean M Carroll is a theoretical physicist, specialising in quantum mechanics, gravitation, cosmology, statistical mechanics, and foundations of physics, with occasional dabblings elsewhere. His official titles are Research Professor of Physics at Caltech and Research Professor at the Santa Fe Institute. He lives in Los Angeles with his wife, writer Jennifer Ouellette. The Ri is on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/TheRoyalInstitution and Twitter: http://twitter.com/ri_science and Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/royalinstitution and Tumblr: http://ri-science.tumblr.com/ Our editorial policy: http://www.rigb.org/home/editorial-policy Subscribe for the latest science videos: http://bit.ly/RiNewsletter

Simon Conway Morris shows what the world would have looked like when ancient animals like the Brachiosaurus were alive. Watch the full second lecture of the series: https://www.rigb.org/christmas-lectures/watch/1996/the-history-in-our-bones/the-fossils-come-alive?utm_source=youtube&utm_medium=social&utm_term=description Simon Conway Morris gave the 1996 Christmas Lectures "The History Of Our Bones" about the important role fossils and bones play in helping us understand the past. The second lecture "Fossils Come Alive", where this clip is from, sees Simon using the woolly mammoth as an example of how we can use bones and ancient art to uncover the shape and look of an animal. Watch the full series: https://www.rigb.org/christmas-lectures/watch/1996/the-history-in-our-bones?utm_source=youtube&utm_medium=social&utm_term=description Comments have been disabled on this video in compliance with YouTube's COPPA regulations. Our Christmas Lecture series is aimed at children and we have marked the videos to reflect this. You can find out more about COPPA here: https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/9383587?hl=en-GB The Ri is on Twitter: http://twitter.com/ri_science and Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/royalinstitution and Tumblr: http://ri-science.tumblr.com/ Our editorial policy: http://www.rigb.org/home/editorial-policy Subscribe for the latest science videos: http://bit.ly/RiNewsletter

Have you ever wondered about what life on a space satellite must really be like? And how hard it must be to make repairs if things go wrong? Kathryn’s book ‘Handprints on Hubble’ is available now: https://geni.us/H6Tz Watch the Q&A: https://youtu.be/mHDd9Bo7NQ4 From living in zero gravity to spacewalking hundreds of miles up in the sky, it’s hard not to daydream about the mind-boggling experiences astronauts must have on a daily basis. In this talk retired astronaut Kathryn D. Sullivan shares stories from her years spent working on the Hubble Space Telescope and other satellites, revealing the hidden engineers who were behind this technological marvel. Kathryn D. Sullivan is a NASA astronaut (retired), former Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and an inductee in the Astronaut Hall of Fame.

Simon Conway Morris turn

When massive stars explode, we get some very strange new celestial objec

Simon Conway Morris demonstrates how awesomely huge pteroda

Technological advances have been changing our lives at an exponential rate foršíček, Joe Godenzi, John C. Vesey, Kellas Lowery, L S, Lasse T. Stendan, Matt Townsend, Michael Morrissey, Michelle J. Zamarron, Osian Gwyn Williams, Paul Brown, Rebecca Pan, Robert Hillier, Robert Reinecke, and Roger Baker. --- The Ri is on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/TheRoyalInstitution and Twitter: http://twitter.com/ri_science and Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/royalinstitution and Tumblr: http://ri-science.tumblr.com/ Our editorial policy: http://www.rigb.org/home/editorial-policy Subscribe for regular science videos: http://bit.ly/RiSubscRibe Product links on this page are affiliate links which means it won't cost you any extra but we may earn a small commission if you decide to purchase through the link.

Simon Conway Morris gives us a demonstration of the quant

Can you imagine if each word had its own colour, or you could 'see' different types of music? Subsšíček, Joe Godenzi, John C. Vesey, Kellas Lowery, L S, Lasse T. Stendan, Matt Townsend, Michael Morrissey, Michelle J. Zamarron, Osian Gwyn Williams, Paul Brown, Rebecca Pan, Robert Hillier, Robert Reinecke, and Roger Baker. --- The Ri is on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/TheRoyalInstitution and Twitter: http://twitter.com/ri_science and Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/royalinstitution and Tumblr: http://ri-science.tumblr.com/ Our editorial policy: http://www.rigb.org/home/editorial-policy Product links on this page may be affiliate links which means it won't cost you any extra but we may earn a small commission if you decide to purchase through the link.

George Porter shows what happens on a sunbeam’s journey from the sun to Earth, with some help from John Tyndall’s blue sky tube. Watch the full first lecture of the series: https://www.rigb.org/christmas-lectures/watch/1976/the-natural-history-of-a-sunbeam/first-light?utm_source=youtube&utm_medium=social&utm_term=description George Porter gave the 1976 Christmas Lectures "The Natural History Of A Sunbeam" about the power of light, from the role it plays in stimulating life to supplying energy to our homes. The first lecture "First Light", where this clip is from, sees George explaining how colour is created through light ‘scattering’ which John Tyndall discovered.

Jim Al-Khalili explores the fundamental concepts of space, time, energy, and ma’‘The World According to Physics’ is available now: https://geni.us/tthctKn Jim Al-Khalili has presented The Life Scientific on Radio 4 since 2011. Although his ‘day job’ is as an academic professor of physics at the University of Surrey, where he also has a chair in the public engagement in science, he has achieved wider prominence as a public scientist, author and broadcaster. He has fronted a number of radio and television documentaries, mainly on BBC4, including Chemistry: A Volatile History, which was nominated for a BAFTA in 2010. This digital lecture was recorded on 8 April 2020 using Webinarjam. --- A very special thank you to our Patreon supporters who help make these videos happen, especially: Alan Latteri, Alan Moore, Andrew Downing, Andrew McGhee, Andrew Weir, Anonymous, Dave Ostler, David Crowner, David Lindo, David Schick, Fairleigh McGill, Greg Nagel, Jan Bannister, Jan Všetíček, Joe Godenzi, John C. Vesey, Kellas Lowery, L S, Lasse T. Stendan, Matt Townsend, Michael Morrissey, Michelle J. Zamarron, Osian Gwyn Williams, Paul Brown, Rebecca Pan, Robert Hillier, Robert Reinecke, and Roger Baker. --- The Ri is on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/TheRoyalInstitution and Twitter: http://twitter.com/ri_science and Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/royalinstitution and Tumblr: http://ri-science.tumblr.com/ Our editorial policy: http://www.rigb.org/home/editorial-policy Subscribe for regular science videos: http://bit.ly/RiSubscRibe Product links on this page are affiliate links which means it won't cost you any extra but we may earn a small commission if you decide to purchase through the link.

George Port

In this short clip from her talk 'How To Thi“”. Her first popular math book, How to Bake Pi, was published by Basic Books in 2015 to widespread acclaim including from the New York Times, National Geographic, Scientific American, and she was interviewed around the world including on the BBC, NPR and The Late Show with Stephen Colbert. Her second book, Beyond Infinity, was shortlisted for the Royal Society Science Book Prize. --- A very special thank you to our Patreon supporters who help make these videos happen, especially: Alan Latteri, Alan Moore, Andrew Downing, Andrew McGhee, Andrew Weir, Anonymous, Dave Ostler, David Crowner, David Lindo, David Schick, Fairleigh McGill, Greg Nagel, Jan Bannister, Jan Všetíček, Joe Godenzi, John C. Vesey, Kellas Lowery, L S, Lasse T. Stendan, Matt Townsend, Michael Morrissey, Michelle J. Zamaroon, Osian Gwyn Williams, Paul Brown, Rebecca Pan, Robert Hillier, Robert Reinecke, and Roger Baker. --- The Ri is on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/TheRoyalInstitution and Twitter: http://twitter.com/ri_science and Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/royalinstitution and Tumblr: http://ri-science.tumblr.com/ Our editorial policy: http://www.rigb.org/home/editorial-policy Subscribe for the latest science videos: http://bit.ly/RiNewsletter Product links on this page are affiliate links which means it won't cost you any extra but we may earn a small commission if you decide to purchase through the link.

George Porter shows how we can project pictures onto geranium leaves using sunlight. Watch the full third lecture of the series: https://www.rigb.org/christmas-lectures/watch/1976/the-natural-history-of-a-sunbeam/a-leaf-from-nature?utm_source=youtube&utm_medium=social&utm_term=description George Porter gave the 1976 Christmas Lectures "The Natural History Of A Sunbeam" about the power of light, from the role it plays in stimulating life to supplying energy to our homes. The third lecture "A Leaf From Nature", where this clip is from, sees George delving into the link between food and energy in relation to sunlight.

George Porter demonstrates the process of convection, helping to solve the age-old problem of why sauces on our plate stay hot while everything else gets cold. Watch the full fourth lecture of the series: https://www.rigb.org/christmas-lectures/watch/1976/the-natural-history-of-a-sunbeam/candles-from-the-sun?utm_source=youtube&utm_medium=social&utm_term=description George Porter gave the 1976 Christmas Lectures "The Natural History Of A Sunbeam" about the power of light, from the role it plays in stimulating life to supplying energy to our homes. The fourth lecture "Candles From The Sun", where this clip is from, sees George exploring the science behind manmade light and heat. Watch the full series: https://www.rigb.org/christmas-lectures/watch/1976/the-natural-history-of-a-sunbeam?utm_source=youtube&utm_medium=social&utm_term=description Comments have been disabled on this video in compliance with YouTube's COPPA regulations. Our Christmas Lecture series is aimed at children and we have marked the videos to reflect this. You can find out more about COPPA here: https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/9383587?hl=en-GB The Ri is on Twitter: http://twitter.com/ri_science and Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/royalinstitution and Tumblr: http://ri-science.tumblr.com/ Our editorial policy: http://www.rigb.org/home/editorial-policy Subscribe for the latest science videos: http://bit.ly/RiNewsletter

In this highlight clip from his talk 'How the Tšíček, Joe Godenzi, John C. Vesey, Kellas Lowery, L S, Lasse T. Stendan, Matt Townsend, Michael Morrissey, Michelle J. Zamarron, Osian Gwyn Williams, Paul Brown, Rebecca Pan, Robert Hillier, Robert Reinecke, and Roger Baker. --- The Ri is on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/TheRoyalInstitution and Twitter: http://twitter.com/ri_science and Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/royalinstitution and Tumblr: http://ri-science.tumblr.com/ Our editorial policy: http://www.rigb.org/home/editorial-policy Subscribe for the latest science videos: http://bit.ly/RiNewsletter Product links on this page are affiliate links which means it won't cost you any extra but we may earn a small commission if you decide to purchase through the link.

George Porter shows how we can make heat engines by harnessing the power of

In physics, why is it that things can have an electric charge, but not‘’ and how this could lead to fundamental advances in electronics with the possibility of magnetic currents that overcome physical limitations faced by electrical currents today. Watch the Q&A: https://youtu.be/MQpNh2nOhpE Felix Flicker is a theoretical physicist working at Oxford University. He holds the Astor Junior Research Fellowship at New College. His interests lie in the application of geometry and topology to condensed matter systems. This lecture was filmed in the Ri on 17 February 2020. --- A very special thank you to our Patreon supporters who help make these videos happen, especially: Alan Latteri, Alan Moore, Andrew Downing, Andrew McGhee, Andrew Weir, Anonymous, Dave Ostler, David Crowner, David Lindo, David Schick, Fairleigh McGill, Greg Nagel, Jan Bannister, Jan Všetíček, Joe Godenzi, John C. Vesey, Kellas Lowery, L S, Lasse T. Stendan, Matt Townsend, Michael Morrissey, Michelle J. Zamarron, Osian Gwyn Williams, Paul Brown, Rebecca Pan, Robert Hillier, Robert Reinecke, and Roger Baker. --- The Ri is on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/TheRoyalInstitution and Twitter: http://twitter.com/ri_science and Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/royalinstitution and Tumblr: http://ri-science.tumblr.com/ Our editorial policy: http://www.rigb.org/home/editorial-policy Subscribe for regular science videos: http://bit.ly/RiSubscRibe Product links on this page are affiliate links which means it won't cost you any extra but we may earn a small commission if you decide to purchase through the link.

The rise of artificial intelligence has seen computers beating chess experts and performing incredibly complex tasks. But why can’t they think the same way we do? Watch the Q&A: https://youtu.be/Gwa38tzo2Nc We have built incredibly powerful, multi-layered, neural networks capable of learning incredibly quickly and carrying out seemingly impossible tasks, but they still can’t always tell the difference between a polar bear and a dishwasher. In this talk ‘Father of the Internet’ Vint Cerf explores why it is so challenging for any computer-based system, however elaborate, to reason in the same way we do. Vinton G. Cerf is vice president and Chief Internet Evangelist for Google. He contributes to global policy development and continued spread of the Internet. Widely known as one of the "Fathers of the Internet," Cerf is the co-designer of the TCP/IP protocols and the architecture of the Internet. He has served in executive positions at MCI, the Corporation for National Research Initiatives and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency and on the faculty of Stanford University. This talk was filmed in the Ri on 9 March 2020. --- A very special thank you to our Patreon supporters who help make these videos happen, especially: Alan Latteri, Alan Moore, Andrew Downing, Andrew McGhee, Andrew Weird, Anonymous, Dave Ostler, David Crowner, David Lindo, David Schick, Fairleigh McGill, Greg Nagel, Jan Bannister, Jan Všetíček, Joe Godenzi, John C. Vesey, Kellas Lowery, L S, Lasse T. Stendan, Matt Townsend, Michael Morrissey, Michelle J. Zamarron, Osian Gwyn Williams, Paul Brown, Rebecca Pan, Robert Hillier, Robert Reinecke, and Roger Baker. --- The Ri is on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/TheRoyalInstitution and Twitter: http://twitter.com/ri_science and Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/royalinstitution and Tumblr: http://ri-science.tumblr.com/ Our editorial policy: http://www.rigb.org/home/editorial-policy Subscribe for regular science videos: htt

George Porter shows how we can make

Epigenetic modifications change the likelihood of gene expression, anšíček, Joe Godenzi, John C. Vesey, Kellas Lowery, L S, Lasse T. Stendan, Matt Townsend, Michael Morrissey, Michelle J. Zamaroon, Osian Gwyn Williams, Paul Brown, Rebecca Pan, Robert Hillier, Robert Reinecke, and Roger Baker. --- The Ri is on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/TheRoyalInstitution and Twitter: http://twitter.com/ri_science and Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/royalinstitution and Tumblr: http://ri-science.tumblr.com/ Our editorial policy: http://www.rigb.org/home/editorial-policy Subscribe for the latest science videos: http://bit.ly/RiNewsletter Product links on this page are affiliate links which means it won't cost you any extra but we may earn a small commission if you decide to purchase through the link.

The fact that light travels at the samšíček, Joe Godenzi, jonas.app, Kellas Lowery, Lasse T. Stendan, Lester Su, Margaret Barnett, Martin Steed, Matt Townsend, Michelle J. Zamarron, Osian Gwyn Williams, Paul Brown, Paweł Zuzelski, Philip Brown, Rebecca Pan, Robert Reinecke, Roger Baker, Roger S. Gulledge, Roger Shaw and Tim Karr. --- The Ri is on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/TheRoyalInstitution and Twitter: http://twitter.com/ri_science and Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/royalinstitution and Tumblr: http://ri-science.tumblr.com/ Our editorial policy: http://www.rigb.org/home/editorial-policy Subscribe for regular science videos: http://bit.ly/RiSubscRibe Product links on this page are affiliate links which means it won't cost you any extra but we may earn a small commission if you decide to purchase through the link.

Style guides often suggest we should avoid using the passive voice in our writing, but is that always applicable? And what are zombie nouns? Watch the full talk: https://youtu.be/OV5J6BfToSw Steven's book "The Sense of Style: The Thinking Person’s Guide to Writing in the 21st Century" is available for purchase now - https://geni.us/fRjAJ Steven Pinker is an experimental psychologist and one of the world’s foremost writers on language, mind, and human nature. He is Professor in the Department of Psychology at Harvard University and conducts research on language and cognition but also writes for publications such as the New York Times, Time, and is the author of many books, including The Language Instinct and How the Mind Works. --- A very special thank you to our Patreon supporters who help make these videos happen, especially: Alan Latteri, Alan Moore, Andrew Downing, Andrew McGhee, Andrew Weir, Anonymous, Dave Ostler, David Crowner, David Lindo, David Schick, Fairleigh McGill, Frances Dunne, Greg Nagel, Jan Bannister, Jan Všetíček, Joe Godenzi, jonas.app, Kellas Lowery, Lasse T. Stendan, Lester Su, Margaret Barnett, Martin Steed, Matt Townsend, Michelle J. Zamarron, Osian Gwyn Williams, Paul Brown, Paweł Zuzelski, Philip Brown, Rebecca Pan, Robert Reinecke, Roger Baker, Roger S. Gulledge, Roger Shaw and Tim Karr. --- The Ri is on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/TheRoyalInstitution and Twitter: http://twitter.com/ri_science and Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/royalinstitution and Tumblr: http://ri-science.tumblr.com/ Our editorial policy: http://www.rigb.org/home/editorial-policy Subscribe for the latest science videos: http://bit.ly/RiNewsletter Product links on this page are affiliate links which means it won't cost you any extra but we may earn a small commission if you decide to purchase through the link.

Andrew takes us on a journey to London's Shepherd's Bush Market in 1960, exploring the splendid chemistry of potassium permanganate. Along the way, he will explore redox reactions, colour changes and even the “devil’s element”, phosphorus. Subscribe for regular science videos: http://bit.ly/RiSubscRibe Contents: 0:00 Introduction and a trip to Shepherd's Bush Market 7:10 Intro to Potassium Permanganate 14:50 Dilutions and Avogadro's number 17:00 The chemistry of manganese 24:25 Complex ions 31:40 Oxygen and combustion 40:00 Phosphorus Andrew Szydlo is a chemist and secondary school teacher at Highgate School, well-loved by pupils and Ri attendees alike. The Ri is on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/TheRoyalInstitution and Twitter: http://twitter.com/ri_science and Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/royalinstitution and Tumblr: http://ri-science.tumblr.com/ Our editorial policy: http://www.rigb.org/home/editorial-policy Subscribe for the latest science videos: http://bit.ly/RiNewsletter Product links on this page may be affiliate links which means it won't cost you any extra but we may earn a small commission if you decide to purchase through the link.

Susan Schneider explores the philosophy, ethics and cognitive science šíček, Joe Godenzi, jonas.app, Kellas Lowery, Lasse T. Stendan, Lester Su, Margaret Barnett, Martin Steed, Matt Townsend, Michelle J. Zamarron, Osian Gwyn Williams, Paul Brown, Paweł Zuzelski, Philip Brown, Rebecca Pan, Robert Reinecke, Roger Baker, Roger S. Gulledge, Roger Shaw and Tim Karr. --- The Ri is on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/TheRoyalInstitution and Twitter: http://twitter.com/ri_science and Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/royalinstitution and Tumblr: http://ri-science.tumblr.com/ Our editorial policy: http://www.rigb.org/home/editorial-policy Subscribe for regular science videos: http://bit.ly/RiSubscRibe Product links on this page are affiliate links which means it won't cost you any extra but we may earn a small commission if you decide to purchase through the link.

Starting with the Ri’s own Michael Faraday, Andr

Recombinant DNA is made by bringing together DNA from differenšíček, Joe Godenzi, jonas.app, Kellas Lowery, Lasse T. Stendan, Margaret Barnett, Martin Steed, Matt Townsend, Michelle J. Zamarron, Osian Gwyn Williams, Paul Brown, Paweł Zuzelski, Philip Brown, Rebecca Pan, Robert Reinecke, Roger Baker, Roger S. Gulledge, Roger Shaw and Tim Karr. --- The Ri is on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/TheRoyalInstitution and Twitter: http://twitter.com/ri_science and Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/royalinstitution and Tumblr: http://ri-science.tumblr.com/ Our editorial policy: http://www.rigb.org/home/editorial-policy Subscribe for the latest science videos: http://bit.ly/RiNewsletter Product links on this page are affiliate links which means it won't cost you any extra but we may earn a small commission if you decide to purchase through the link.

Andrew shows around some of the more unusual glasswear in his collec

How do our implicit or 'unintentional' biases affect the way we communicate and perceive the world and how do they affect our decision-making? Pragya's book "Sway" is available now: https://geni.us/EKb6JA Pragya will discuss how bias is playing a role during the current pandemic and how will become an even more important issue in post-covid world. She combines case studies, personal experience, interviews and real world stories underpinned by scientific theories and research, to cover a wide range of implicit biases. Watch the Q&A: https://youtu.be/Hk-JzeCzHzU Pragya Agarwal is a behavioural scientist, inclusivity consultant, two timeTEDx speaker, and an author. Pragya helps organisations create equitable processes, offering keynote talks, audits and workshops in diversity and unconscious bias. She was named as one of top 100 influential women entrepreneurs in the UK for 2018-19, and one of 50 on the 'High and Mighty' List making an impact in the India-UK corridor. She regularly appears on global radio and television platforms including BBC Women's Hour, BBC Radio 5 Live, BBC Breakfast, Australian Broadcasting Service and Canadian Radio. This talk was streamed live by the Ri on 9 June 2020. --- A very special thank you to our Patreon supporters who help make these videos happen, especially: Alan Latteri, Alan Moore, Andrew Downing, Andrew McGhee, Andrew Weir, Anonymous, Dave Ostler, David Crowner, David Lindo, David Schick, Fairleigh McGill, Frances Dunne, Greg Nagel, Jan Bannister, Jan Všetíček, Joe Godenzi, jonas.app, Kellas Lowery, Lasse T. Stendan, Lester Su, Margaret Barnett, Martin Steed, Matt Townsend, Michelle J. Zamarron, Osian Gwyn Williams, Paul Brown, Paweł Zuzelski, Philip Brown, Rebecca Pan, Robert Reinecke, Roger Baker, Roger S. Gulledge, Roger Shaw and Tim Karr. --- The Ri is on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/TheRoyalInstitution and Twitter: http://twitter.com/ri_science and Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/royalinstit

Andrew explores some of the

Supersymmetry has long been one of the most popular theories iłšetíček, Alan Moore, Michelle J. Zamarron, Fairleigh McGill, Alan Latteri, David Crowner, Matt Townsend, Anonymous, Kellas Lowery, Roger Shaw, Robert Reinecke, Paul Brown, Lasse T. Stendan, David Schick, Joe Godenzi, David Lindo, Roger Baker, Greg Nagel, Rebecca Pan. --- The Ri is on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/TheRoyalInstitution and Twitter: http://twitter.com/ri_science and Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/royalinstitution and Tumblr: http://ri-science.tumblr.com/ Our editorial policy: http://www.rigb.org/home/editorial-policy Subscribe for the latest science videos: http://bit.ly/RiNewsletter

Andrew explores the theories of matter which eventually lead to o

Lyman Page describes how tiny variations in the CMB not only reveal t’šetíček, Jeffrey Schweitzer, Joe Godenzi, jonas.app, Kellas Lowery, Lasse T. Stendan, Martin Steed, Matt Townsend, Michelle J. Zamarron, Osian Gwyn Williams, Paul Brown, Paul Philippov, Rebecca Pan, Robert Reinecke, Roger Baker, Roger S. Gulledge, Roger Shaw, Scott Edwardsen, and Tim Karr --- The Ri is on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/TheRoyalInstitution and Twitter: http://twitter.com/ri_science and Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/royalinstitution and Tumblr: http://ri-science.tumblr.com/ Our editorial policy: http://www.rigb.org/home/editorial-policy Subscribe for regular science videos: http://bit.ly/RiSubscRibe Product links on this page are affiliate links which means it won't cost you any extra but we may earn a small commission if you decide to purchase through the link.

Andrew takes us on a tour of his vintage camera collection, explaining the physics and chemistry of photography along the way. The tour is followed by a demonstration of the chemical processes of developing photographic paper by making a simple photogram. This video is the first of two videos exploring the history and chemistry of photography - the second part will be published next week. Chapters: 00:00 - Introduction 03:55 - Pinhole cameras 05:10 - The first photograph 10:09 - The first cameras 19:35 - Henri Cartier Bresson 22:00 - SLR cameras 23:25 - Other interesting cameras 27:55 - Digital cameras 29:37 - Demonstrating the chemistry of photograms Subscribe for regular science videos: http://bit.ly/RiSubscRibe The Ri is on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/TheRoyalInstitution and Twitter: http://twitter.com/ri_science and Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/royalinstitution and Tumblr: http://ri-science.tumblr.com/ Our editorial policy: http://www.rigb.org/home/editorial-policy Subscribe for the latest science videos: http://bit.ly/RiNewsletter Product links on this page may be affiliate links which means it won't cost you any extra but we may earn a small commission if you decide to purchase through the link.

Mathematical models can investigate the spread of diseašíček, Jeffrey Schweitzer, Joe Godenzi, jonas.app, Kellas Lowery, Lasse T. Stendan, Martin Steed, Matt Townsend, Michelle J. Zamarron, Osian Gwyn Williams, Paul Brown, Paul Philippov, Rebecca Pan, Robert Reinecke, Roger Baker, Roger S. Gulledge, Roger Shaw, Scott Edwardsen, and Tim Karr. --- The Ri is on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/TheRoyalInstitution and Twitter: http://twitter.com/ri_science and Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/royalinstitution and Tumblr: http://ri-science.tumblr.com/ Our editorial policy: http://www.rigb.org/home/editorial-policy Subscribe for regular science videos: http://bit.ly/RiSubscRibe Product links on this page are affiliate links which means it won't cost you any extra but we may earn a small commission if you decide to purchase through the link.

Andrew uses a Victorian era camera to demonstrate the full pro

The possibility of life on Mars has fascinated scientists like Galileo, Wi’šetíček, Michelle J. Zamarron, Andrew Downing, Fairleigh McGill, Alan Latteri, David Crowner, Matt Townsend, Anonymous, Kellas Lowery, Andrew McGhee, Roger Shaw, Robert Reinecke, Paul Brown, Lasse T. Stendan, David Schick, Joe Godenzi, Dave Ostler, Osian Gwyn Williams, David Lindo, Roger Baker, Greg Nagel, and Rebecca Pan. --- Subscribe for regular science videos: http://bit.ly/RiSubscRibe The Ri is on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/TheRoyalInstitution and Twitter: http://twitter.com/ri_science and Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/royalinstitution and Tumblr: http://ri-science.tumblr.com/ Our editorial policy: http://www.rigb.org/home/editorial-policy Subscribe for the latest science videos: http://bit.ly/RiNewsletter Product links on this page may be affiliate links which means it won't cost you any extra but we may earn a small commission if you decide to purchase through the link.

Andrew shows how many of the tools that make our life easier are powered by engines, often internal combustion engines. Starting with a demonstration of a manual sewing machine, and the latest in fashionable North London face-wear, we are shown the workings of both a petrol lawnmower and chainsaw. We finish up with some fiery demonstrations of why petrol is used as a fuel in engines. Chapters: 00:00 - Tour of an essex sewing machine 03:52 - A word of warning 06:10 - Problematic tree 10:45 - Petrol lawnmower 11:25 - Using a petrol chainsaw 14:43 - Two stroke and four stroke motors 19:51 - How petrol burns 24:22 - A more explosive use of petrol 28:40 - Andrew's lockdown gardening projects Andrew Szydlo is a chemist and secondary school teacher at Highgate School, well-loved by pupils and Ri attendees alike. He has given public lectures around the country, been featured on TV shows and has become a popular regular face on our channel. Subscribe for regular science videos: http://bit.ly/RiSubscRibe The Ri is on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/TheRoyalInstitution and Twitter: http://twitter.com/ri_science and Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/royalinstitution and Tumblr: http://ri-science.tumblr.com/ Our editorial policy: http://www.rigb.org/home/editorial-policy Subscribe for the latest science videos: http://bit.ly/RiNewsletter

Andrew explores the well know but perhaps not so well understood Archimedes principle. We start off in ancient Sicily for a surprising dip in the bath with Archimedes, followed by a variety of experiments and demonstrations back in Andrew's basement lab. the properties of both liquids and gases are explored in a whistle-stop tour of this ancient but still vitally important scientific principle. Chapters: 00:00 - Archimedes and the golden crown 07:45 - Introduction to Archimedes principle 08:30 - Using Archimedes principle experimentally 16:07 - Rubber, and Hooke's Law 19:23 - The hydro-static balance 20:45 - Liquids, gasses and compressability 24:51 - Archimedes principle with elastic fluids 28:59 - Compressible hydrogen gas 30:42 - Buoyancy 34:36 - Summary Andrew Szydlo is a chemist and secondary school teacher at Highgate School, well-loved by pupils and Ri attendees alike. He has given public lectures around the country, been featured on TV shows and has become a popular regular face on our channel. Subscribe for regular science videos: http://bit.ly/RiSubscRibe The Ri is on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/TheRoyalInstitution and Twitter: http://twitter.com/ri_science and Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/royalinstitution and Tumblr: http://ri-science.tumblr.com/ Our editorial policy: http://www.rigb.org/home/editorial-policy Subscribe for the latest science videos: http://bit.ly/RiNewsletter

Jim explores what are the most popular interpretations of quantum mechanic‘’. Jim's book "Quantum Reality" is now available on Amazon: https://geni.us/OF5X Watch the Q&A: https://youtu.be/Udy2Rs-t47o Jim Baggott is an award-winning science writer. He trained as a scientist, completing a doctorate in chemical physics at the University of Oxford in the early 80s, before embarking on post-doctoral research studies at Oxford and at Stanford University in California. He gave up a tenured lectureship at the University of Reading after five years in order to gain experience in the commercial world. He worked for Shell International Petroleum for 11 years before leaving to establish his own business consultancy and training practice. He won the Royal Society of Chemistry’s Marlow Medal for his contributions to scientific research in 1989. This talk was streamed live by the Ri on 14 July 2020. --- A very special thank you to our Patreon supporters who help make these videos happen, especially: Justin, Scott Edwardsen, Atin Kothari, Paul Philippov, Jeffrey Schweitzer, Gou Ranon, Christina Baum, Martin Steed, Frances Dunne, jonas.app, Tim Karr, Adam Leos, Andrew Weir, Jan Všetíček, Michelle J. Zamarron, Andrew Downing, Fairleigh McGill, Alan Latteri, David Crowner, Matt Townsend, Anonymous, Kellas Lowery, Andrew McGhee, Roger Shaw, Robert Reinecke, Paul Brown, Lasse T. Stendan, David Schick, Joe Godenzi, Dave Ostler, Osian Gwyn Williams, David Lindo, Roger Baker, Greg Nagel, and Rebecca Pan. --- Subscribe for regular science videos: http://bit.ly/RiSubscRibe The Ri is on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/TheRoyalInstitution and Twitter: http://twitter.com/ri_science and Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/royalinstitution and Tumblr: http://ri-science.tumblr.com/ Our editorial policy: http://www.rigb.org/home/editorial-policy Subscribe for the latest science videos: http://bit.ly/RiNewsletter Product links on this page may be affiliate links which

Our solar system can be a stormy place. Events’’s atmosphere which sporadically erupt into the Solar System. If these eruptions reach the Earth they can drive major space weather events. She is interested in how the magnetic configuration of the eruptions relates to geomagnetic activity and what this means for those living in the UK. This talk was streamed live by the Ri on 21 July 2020. --- A very special thank you to our Patreon supporters who help make these videos happen, especially: Adam Leos, Alan Latteri, Andrew Downing, Andrew McGhee, Andrew Weir, Anonymous, Christina Baum, Dave Ostler, David Crowner, David Lindo, David Schick, Fairleigh McGill, Frances Dunne, Gou Ranon, Greg Nagel, Jan Všetíček, Jeffrey Schweitzer, Joe Godenzi, jonas.app, Kellas Lowery, Lasse T. Stendan, Martin Steed, Matt Townsend, Michelle J. Zamarron, Osian Gwyn Williams, Paul Brown, Paul Philippov, Rebecca Pan, Robert Reinecke, Roger Baker, Roger Shaw, Scott Edwardsen, Tim Karr, and William Billy Robillard. --- Subscribe for regular science videos: http://bit.ly/RiSubscRibe The Ri is on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/TheRoyalInstitution and Twitter: http://twitter.com/ri_science and Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/royalinstitution and Tumblr: http://ri-science.tumblr.com/ Our editorial policy: http://www.rigb.org/home/editorial-policy Subscribe for the latest science videos: http://bit.ly/RiNewsletter Product links on this page may be affiliate links which means it won't cost you any extra but we may earn a small commission if you decide to purchase through the link.

The brain might be the most complicated object in the universe. Matthew Cobb explains how we know what we know. Matthew's book "The Idea of the Brain" is available now on Amazon: https://geni.us/qB28 Today we tend to picture the brain as a computer. Earlier scientists thought about it in their own technological terms: as a telephone switchboard, or a clock, or all manner of fantastic mechanical or hydraulic devices. Could the right metaphor unlock the brain's deepest secrets once and for all? Galloping through centuries of wild speculation and ingenious, sometimes macabre anatomical investigations, scientist and historian Matthew Cobb reveals how we came to our present state of knowledge. Our latest theories allow us to create artificial memories in the brain of a mouse, and to build AI programmes capable of extraordinary cognitive feats. A complete understanding seems within our grasp. Watch the Q&A: https://youtu.be/hTl2zXPjGWs Matthew Cobb is professor of zoology at the University of Manchester, where his research focuses on the sense of smell, insect behaviour and the history of science. This lecture was filmed in the Ri on 12 March 2020. --- A very special thank you to our Patreon supporters who help make these videos happen, especially: Adam Leos, Alan Latteri, Andrew Downing, Andrew McGhee, Andrew Weir, Anonymous, Christina Baum, Dave Ostler, David Crowner, David Lindo, David Schick, Fairleigh McGill, Frances Dunne, Gou Ranon, Greg Nagel, Jan Všetíček, Jeffrey Schweitzer, Joe Godenzi, jonas.app, Kellas Lowery, Lasse T. Stendan, Martin Steed, Matt Townsend, Michelle J. Zamarron, Osian Gwyn Williams, Paul Brown, Paul Philippov, Rebecca Pan, Robert Reinecke, Roger Baker, Roger Shaw, Scott Edwardsen, Stephan Giersche, Tim Karr, and William 'Billy' Robillard. --- The Ri is on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/TheRoyalInstitution and Twitter: http://twitter.com/ri_science and Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/royalinstitution and Tumblr:

Anthony Zee gives us a tour of gravity through Einstein's Theory of General Relativity. Anthony's book "On Gravity" is available now - https://geni.us/xAf86t. Starting with the discovery of gravity waves, Anthony goes on to explain how gravity can be understood in comparison to other classical field theories, presents the idea of curved spacetime and the action principle, and explores cutting-edge topics, including black holes and Hawking radiation. And what can our current knowledge tell us about what we don't yet know, from quantum gravity to mysteries of dark matter and energy. Watch the Q&A: https://youtu.be/OPBh7FCarGE Anthony Zee is a physicist, writer, and currently a professor at the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics and the physics department of the University of California, Santa Barbara. Professor Zee has authored or co-authored more than 200 scientific publications and several books. He has written on particle physics, condensed matter physics, anomalies in physics, random matrix theory, superconductivity, the quantum Hall effect, and other topics in theoretical physics and evolutionary biology, as well as their various interrelations. This talk was streamed live by the Ri on 28 July 2020. --- A very special thank you to our Patreon supporters who help make these videos happen, especially: Adam Leos, Alan Latteri, Andrew Downing, Andrew McGhee, Andrew Weir, Anonymous, Christina Baum, Dave Ostler, David Crowner, David Lindo, David Schick, Fairleigh McGill, Frances Dunne, Gou Ranon, Greg Nagel, Jan Všetíček, Jeffrey Schweitzer, Joe Godenzi, jonas.app, Kellas Lowery, Lasse T. Stendan, Martin Steed, Matt Townsend, Michelle J. Zamarron, Osian Gwyn Williams, Paul Brown, Paul Philippov, Rebecca Pan, Robert Reinecke, Roger Baker, Roger Shaw, Scott Edwardsen, Tim Karr, and William Billy Robillard. --- Subscribe for regular science videos: http://bit.ly/RiSubscRibe The Ri is on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/TheRoyalInstitution

Cancer has been with us since the dawn of time, but it was only šíček, Jeffrey Schweitzer, Joe Godenzi, jonas.app, Kellas Lowery, Lasse T. Stendan, Martin Steed, Matt Townsend, Michelle J. Zamarron, Osian Gwyn Williams, Paul Brown, Paul Philippov, Rebecca Pan, Robert Reinecke, Roger Baker, Roger Shaw, Scott Edwardsen, Stephan Giersche, Tim Karr, and William 'Billy' Robillard. --- The Ri is on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/TheRoyalInstitution and Twitter: http://twitter.com/ri_science and Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/royalinstitution and Tumblr: http://ri-science.tumblr.com/ Our editorial policy: http://www.rigb.org/home/editorial-policy Subscribe for the latest science videos: http://bit.ly/RiNewsletter Product links on this page may be affiliate links which means it won't cost you any extra but we may earn a small commission if you decide to purchase through the link.

The laser is a key part of so much of our modern world, fro

Martin Rees explores how advances in technology and artificial—

This week, Andrew takes us on a journey exploring a seemingly simple object - the spring. From pocket-watches, to the suspension of a vintage car, these simple mechanical objects have a huge number of uses still in our modern world, from storing energy to giving you a smooth drive. There is of course a little bit of action from the blow torch (it wouldn't be a video from Andrew Szydlo without some fire) and lots of interesting mechanical explorations along the way too. Chapters: 00:00 - A spri

In the year 2000 it was announced that seven of the biggest unsolved problems in mathematics would each be given a $1million prize. Only one has been solved. Watch the Q&A: https://youtu.be/AFc7kGfLSIc Subscribe for regular science videos: http://bit.ly/RiSubscRibe The seven million dollar equations are: the Riemann hypothesis, Navier-Stokes equations, P vs NP, the Poincare conjecture, Yang-Mills mass-gap hypothesis, the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture, and the Hodge conjecture. In this ta

Guiding us through major concepts in quantum mechanics, cosmology, string theory and more, Katie Mack describes how small tweaks to our incomplete understanding of reality, can result in vastly different endings for our universe. Katie's book "The End of Everything" is available now: https://geni.us/tPqg Watch the Q&A: https://youtu.be/FEfhUsZBrGk Subscribe for regular science videos: http://bit.ly/RiSubscRibe Katie Mack is a theoretical astrophysicist and one of the most popular scientists on

In this third video on the history of photography, Andrew takes us through the full process of producing a finished photograph with a modern film camera. Not one to go for the easy route, in this video Andrew uses the rapid approach, used in the 1960s to rush photos to be printed in newspapers for breaking news items like the football results. From taking a photograph, developing the film into negatives, and enlarging this negative to the final print, Andrew shows us the whole process in his us

As robots are increasingly taking over from human stargazers, Emily Levesque reveals the rapidly changing world of the professional astronomer. Emily's book is available now: https://geni.us/cA2J Watch the Q&A: https://youtu.be/qTJAvPfjhKA Astronomers journey to some of the most inaccessible parts of the globe while handling equipment worth millions. It is a life of unique delights and absurdities, and one that may be drawing to a close. Soon it will be the robots, not humans, gazing at the sky

Recalling his nearly two-decades as a friend and collaborator with Stephen Hawking, Leonard Mlodinow talks about the scientific discoveries as well as the personal stories of Hawking. Len's book "Stephen Hawking: A Memoir of Friendship and Physics" is available now: https://geni.us/yCBSEl Subscribe for regular science videos: http://bit.ly/RiSubscRibe Stephen Hawking was one of the most famous and influential physicists in the world. In this talk, discover the man who has inspired countless sci